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  • The Development of Detective Literature: A Comparative Analysis of English, European, and American Traditions (1900-2000)

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    Introduction: The Rise of the Detective Genre

    This paper examines the evolution of detective fiction in England, Europe, and America from 1900 to 2000, comparing and contrasting the key characteristics, thematic concerns, and stylistic innovations within each region. The study will analyze the influence of social, political, and cultural contexts on the genre’s development, highlighting the emergence of subgenres and the contributions of significant authors. The burgeoning popularity of detective fiction during this period reflects a complex interplay of factors, including increased literacy rates, the rise of mass media, and a growing fascination with crime and mystery. The genre’s capacity to both entertain and reflect societal anxieties made it particularly appealing to a wide readership. (, NaN) (Xayrulloyevna, 2023) (Kukushkina, 2020) The distinct national characteristics that emerged within the genre, however, highlight the diverse cultural contexts that shaped its development. This study will trace these diverse trajectories, examining how the genre adapted to and reflected the unique social, political, and cultural landscapes of England, America, and Europe.

    The Golden Age of Detective Fiction in England (1920s-1950s)

    This section explores the “Golden Age” of detective fiction in England, a period generally recognized as spanning the 1920s to the 1950s. This era is characterized by its emphasis on intricate plots, meticulous puzzle-solving, and the use of a detached, omniscient narrator. The focus shifted from the gritty realism of earlier detective fiction to a more cerebral and intellectually stimulating form of storytelling. Key authors such as Agatha Christie and Dorothy L. Sayers, among others, significantly contributed to the development of the classic whodunit, establishing conventions and tropes that would influence the genre for decades to come. (Dwivedi, 2018) (Bloomfield, 2020) (Boichuk, 2022) (Tschacksch, 2016) (English, 2014) The Golden Age detective novel often featured a seemingly impossible crime, presented as a complex puzzle for the reader and the detective to solve. The emphasis was on logic, deduction, and fair play, with the solution ultimately emerging from the clues presented within the narrative. The detective figure frequently played a crucial role, possessing both exceptional intellect and a certain detachment from the emotional aspects of the case. Setting also played a significant role, often providing a backdrop of social commentary and contributing to the overall atmosphere of the narrative.

    Agatha Christie and the Classic Whodunit

    Agatha Christie’s prolific output and enduring popularity cemented her position as a cornerstone of the Golden Age. Her works epitomize the classic whodunit, employing intricate plots, red herrings, and unexpected twists to keep readers guessing until the very end. (Bloomfield, 2020) (Boichuk, 2022) Christie’s mastery of suspense and her ability to create memorable characters, both victims and perpetrators, contributed to the widespread appeal of her novels. She frequently employed the closed setting, confining the suspects to a limited space, increasing the tension and limiting the possibilities for the crime’s solution. Her use of amateur detectives, such as Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot, allowed her to explore different perspectives and social contexts within her narratives. These detectives’ intellect and observational skills were central to the unraveling of the mysteries, offering a satisfying resolution based on logic and deduction. Christie’s influence on the genre is undeniable, inspiring countless imitations and adaptations across various media.

    Dorothy L. Sayers and the Intellectual Detective

    Dorothy L. Sayers, while also contributing to the Golden Age conventions, offered a distinct variation through her creation of Lord Peter Wimsey. Unlike the more detached detectives in Christie’s works, Wimsey possesses a more nuanced and relatable personality. (Tschacksch, 2016) (English, 2014) He is an intellectual and aristocratic detective whose sharp wit and insightful observations are combined with a genuine empathy for his characters. Sayers incorporated social commentary and psychological themes into her narratives, enriching the genre beyond simple puzzle-solving. Her novels often explored issues of class, gender, and social justice, providing a more complex and engaging reading experience. The intellectual depth of Wimsey’s character and the sophisticated nature of Sayers’ writing distinguished her works from others within the Golden Age, appealing to a more discerning readership. Sayers’s contribution to the genre lies not just in crafting compelling mysteries, but also in enriching the detective figure with more depth and complexity.

    The Hard-Boiled School in America (1920s-1950s)

    The “hard-boiled” school of detective fiction emerged in America during the 1920s and 1930s, offering a stark contrast to the more refined style of the English Golden Age. Characterized by its gritty realism, cynical tone, and focus on morally ambiguous characters, hard-boiled fiction reflected the social and economic realities of the era. (Hammett, 2013) (Guzman-Medrano, 2013) (Ahmed, 2017) The Great Depression and the rise of organized crime provided a backdrop for stories featuring private investigators navigating a corrupt and violent world. These detectives were often cynical, world-weary individuals who operated outside the law, employing morally questionable tactics to solve their cases. The narratives were typically set in urban environments, emphasizing the bleakness and danger of city life. Unlike the English tradition, the emphasis was not on intricate puzzles but on the exploration of complex characters and their interactions within a morally ambiguous world.

    Dashiell Hammett and the Cynical Detective

    Dashiell Hammett is considered a pioneer of the hard-boiled school. His novels, such as The Maltese Falcon and The Thin Man, introduced the cynical and morally ambiguous detective as a central figure. (Hammett, 2013) Hammett’s detectives, like Sam Spade, were often driven by self-interest and operated in a morally gray area, reflecting the cynicism of the era. His narratives were grounded in realism, depicting the harsh realities of crime and corruption without romanticizing them. Hammett’s influence on subsequent hard-boiled writers is undeniable, setting the standard for the genre’s gritty realism and morally complex characters. His stark portrayal of a corrupt world and his unflinching depiction of violence influenced the development of the genre, establishing a new standard for realism and complexity.

    Raymond Chandler and the Romantic Private Eye

    Raymond Chandler refined and popularized the hard-boiled style, creating the iconic private investigator Philip Marlowe. (Guzman-Medrano, 2013) While maintaining the genre’s gritty realism and cynical tone, Chandler infused his stories with elements of romanticism, creating a more complex and engaging protagonist. Marlowe’s unwavering sense of justice and his commitment to his own moral code, despite the corrupt world he inhabits, added a layer of depth to the hard-boiled detective. Chandler’s elegant prose and sophisticated use of language also elevated the genre, making it more appealing to a wider audience. His narratives are filled with memorable characters, vivid descriptions of Los Angeles’s underbelly, and a distinct sense of style that further distinguished his work within the hard-boiled tradition.

    European Detective Fiction: Diverse Traditions

    Detective fiction in Europe during this period exhibited a remarkable diversity, reflecting the unique cultural and historical contexts of each nation. While influenced by English and American traditions, European detective fiction developed its own distinctive characteristics, often incorporating elements of national identity, social commentary, and political intrigue. (, NaN) (Boichuk, 2022) (Kukushkina, 2020) (Segnini, 2018) (Tello, 2021) The genre’s adaptability allowed it to reflect the specific concerns and anxieties of different societies, resulting in a rich tapestry of narrative styles and thematic explorations. This section will explore some of these national variations, demonstrating the genre’s capacity for adaptation and reflection of diverse cultural contexts.

    French Detective Fiction

    French detective fiction, while sharing some similarities with its English and American counterparts, developed its own distinctive style and thematic concerns. The focus often shifted from the purely investigative aspects of the crime to the exploration of psychological and philosophical themes. French detective novels frequently delved into the complexities of human nature, exploring motives, relationships, and the moral ambiguities of their characters. Authors often incorporated elements of social realism, reflecting the social and political changes occurring in France throughout the 20th century. The narratives frequently incorporated elements of literary style and intellectual depth, distinguishing them from the more straightforward crime stories of other traditions.

    Italian Detective Fiction

    Italian detective fiction, particularly Andrea Camilleri’s Montalbano series, stands out for its unique blend of local color and crime-solving. (Segnini, 2018) Set in Sicily, the Montalbano novels vividly portray the island’s culture, landscape, and social dynamics. Inspector Montalbano, the series’ protagonist, is a complex and relatable character whose investigations are intertwined with the everyday lives of the Sicilian people. Camilleri’s use of Sicilian dialect and his portrayal of the region’s rich cultural heritage contribute to the series’ distinctive atmosphere. The novels often explore themes of corruption, tradition, and the tensions between modern and traditional ways of life. This combination of crime-solving and cultural immersion distinguishes the Montalbano series from other detective fiction, offering readers a unique glimpse into Italian life.

    German and Scandinavian Detective Fiction

    German and Scandinavian detective fiction also developed distinctive national characteristics, reflecting the cultural and historical contexts of their respective regions. German detective fiction often explored themes of social and political unrest, reflecting the country’s tumultuous 20th-century history. Scandinavian crime fiction, often referred to as “Nordic Noir,” gained international recognition for its dark and atmospheric style, its focus on complex characters, and its exploration of societal issues. Both traditions developed unique stylistic and thematic elements, demonstrating the genre’s ability to adapt to and reflect diverse national identities. These national variations often involved distinct approaches to character development, narrative structure, and thematic concerns, showcasing the genre’s versatility and adaptability across different cultural contexts.

    The Post-War Era and the Rise of Psychological Thrillers

    The period following World War II witnessed a significant shift in the landscape of detective fiction. The emphasis on purely logical puzzle-solving began to give way to a greater focus on psychological depth, character development, and the exploration of darker themes. (Bloomfield, 2020) (Tschacksch, 2016) (English, 2014) The horrors of the war and the anxieties of the Cold War era influenced the genre, leading to a greater exploration of human psychology and the darker aspects of human nature. This shift is reflected in the works of authors such as Patricia Highsmith and Ruth Rendell, who pioneered the psychological thriller subgenre.

    Patricia Highsmith and the Psychological Thriller

    Patricia Highsmith is a master of psychological suspense, renowned for her creation of chillingly believable characters and her exploration of the darker recesses of the human psyche. Her novels, such as Strangers on a Train and The Talented Mr. Ripley, delve into the minds of her protagonists, often exploring themes of obsession, manipulation, and violence. Highsmith’s characters are often morally ambiguous, making them both fascinating and unsettling. Her narratives are characterized by a slow burn of suspense, building tension through subtle psychological details rather than relying on sensationalism. Highsmith’s contribution to the genre lies in her ability to create deeply unsettling characters and narratives that explore the darkest impulses of human nature.

    Ruth Rendell and the Psychological Detective

    Ruth Rendell, another prominent figure in the psychological thriller subgenre, is known for her detailed portrayal of characters and her exploration of the complexities of human relationships. Her novels, often featuring the detective Inspector Wexford, delve into the psychological motivations behind crimes, exploring the social and psychological factors that contribute to criminal behavior. (Bloomfield, 2020) Rendell’s narratives often feature ordinary individuals caught up in extraordinary circumstances, highlighting the potential for darkness and violence within seemingly normal lives. Her keen observation of human nature and her ability to create believable and complex characters distinguish her work, adding a layer of psychological realism to the detective fiction genre. Rendell’s contribution lies in her nuanced exploration of human psychology and her ability to create compelling narratives that explore the darker aspects of human nature within everyday life.

    The Impact of Social and Political Contexts

    The development of detective fiction across England, America, and Europe was profoundly shaped by the social and political contexts of the time. The genre served as a reflection of changing social attitudes, political anxieties, and cultural shifts. (, NaN) (Guzman-Medrano, 2013) (Kukushkina, 2020) (Saha, 2016) The rise of consumerism, changing gender roles, the Cold War, and the anxieties surrounding terrorism and social unrest all found expression within the narratives of detective fiction. This section will explore how these external factors influenced the genre’s evolution, demonstrating the genre’s close relationship to its historical and social context.

    Social Change and the Detective

    The evolving social landscape of the 20th century significantly impacted detective fiction. The rise of consumerism and mass media influenced the settings and themes of many novels. Changing gender roles were reflected in the portrayal of female detectives and the exploration of women’s experiences within the genre. The increasing complexity of social structures and the breakdown of traditional norms found their way into the narratives, creating a richer and more nuanced portrayal of society. These changes are reflected in the shifts in themes, character portrayals, and settings, demonstrating the genre’s responsiveness to social transformations.

    Political Anxieties and the Crime Novel

    The political climate of the 20th century profoundly shaped the development of detective fiction. The Cold War era, with its anxieties surrounding espionage and political intrigue, influenced the themes and narratives of many crime novels. The rise of terrorism and social unrest also found expression in the genre, reflecting the anxieties and uncertainties of the time. (Guzman-Medrano, 2013) These anxieties frequently found expression in the narratives, reflecting the fear and uncertainty that characterized those historical periods. The genre served as a means of exploring these fears and uncertainties, offering a space for reflection and analysis of complex political issues.

    A Legacy of Mystery and Innovation

    The development of detective fiction from 1900 to 2000 demonstrates the genre’s remarkable adaptability and its capacity to reflect the diverse social, political, and cultural contexts in which it emerged. The distinct national traditions of England, America, and Europe showcase the genre’s versatility and its ability to evolve in response to changing times. (, NaN) (Xayrulloyevna, 2023) (Kukushkina, 2020) (, 2020) (Tansman, 2009) (Feldman, 2020) The Golden Age’s emphasis on intricate plots and puzzle-solving gave way to the hard-boiled school’s gritty realism and cynical tone, which in turn evolved into the post-war era’s focus on psychological depth and complex character studies. The genre’s enduring appeal lies in its ability to both entertain and explore the complexities of human nature and societal anxieties. The evolution of detective fiction across these regions highlights the genre’s capacity for innovation and its ongoing relevance in reflecting the changing world. The continued popularity of detective fiction demonstrates its lasting appeal and its capacity to engage with contemporary concerns, ensuring the genre’s continued evolution and relevance for future generations.

    RegionKey Characteristics (1900-2000)Significant AuthorsSubgenresSocial/Political Influences
    EnglandIntricate plots, puzzle-solving, detached narration, emphasis on logic and deductionAgatha Christie, Dorothy L. SayersClassic whodunit, Golden AgePost-Victorian social anxieties, rise of mass media
    AmericaGritty realism, cynical tone, morally ambiguous characters, urban settingsDashiell Hammett, Raymond ChandlerHard-boiled, private investigatorThe Great Depression, organized crime, social disillusionment
    Europe (Diverse)National variations in style, themes, character portrayal, reflection of national identity and social concernsAndrea Camilleri (Italy), Various authors (France, Germany, Scandinavia)Psychological thriller, Nordic Noir, etc.Post-war anxieties, political instability, changing social norms

    References

    Ahmed, M. (2017). Hemingways strong influence on the 20th century fiction. None. https://doi.org/10.0001/(AJ).V3I12.1509.G2017

    Bloomfield, J. (2020). Mid-century jacobeans: agatha christie, ngaio marsh, p. d. james, and the duchess of malfi. Johns Hopkins University Press. https://doi.org/10.1353/elh.2020.0038

    Boichuk, I. & Turner, I. L. (2022). The presence of selected russian fictional characters in english detective fiction: a brief overview. Slavonica. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617427.2022.2144155

    Dwivedi, K. (2018). Converging precincts: sociology and sherlock holmes. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038022917751978

    English, E. (2014). Lesbian modernism: censorship, sexuality and genre fiction. None. https://doi.org/None

    Feldman, E. (2020). Metafiction and contemporary fiction. None. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190201098.013.1183

    Guzman-Medrano, G. (2013). Post-revolutionary post-modernism: central american detective fiction by the turn of the 21st century. None. https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.fi13080707

    Hammett, D., Layman, R., & Rivett, J. (2013). The hunter and other stories. None. https://doi.org/None

    Kukushkina, E. S. (2020). Evolution of a borrowed genre in malay literature (1922-1941): the case of crime fiction in malaysia. None. https://doi.org/10.22452/sare.vol57no2.4

    Saha, J. (2016). Murder at london zoo: late colonial sympathy in interwar britain. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/ahr/121.5.1468 (2020). Reading russia, vol. 3. None. https://doi.org/10.4000/books.ledizioni.13009

    Segnini, E. (2018). Andrea camilleris montalbano and elena ferrantes <i>lamica geniale</i>: the afterlife of two glocal series. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/13556509.2018.1502607

    Tansman, A. (2009). The culture of japanese fascism. Duke University Press. https://doi.org/10.1215/9780822390701

    Tello, J. C. (2021). The novel in the spanish silver age. None. https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839459256

    Tschacksch, N. (2016). Queer varieties and established narratives. None. https://doi.org/10.1080/09574042.2015.1122490

    Xayrulloyevna, S. Z. (2023). Development of the detective genre in american literature. None. https://doi.org/10.37547/ijll/volume03issue03-06

  • The Effect of Music Playlists on Streaming Services: Listener Retention and New Music Discovery

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    Introduction

    The rise of music streaming services has fundamentally altered how individuals consume and discover music. This transformation is largely driven by the ubiquitous nature of curated playlists, both algorithmically generated and human-curated. This analysis explores the multifaceted impact of music playlists on listener retention and the discovery of new music within streaming services, drawing upon a diverse range of research. The studies examined utilize various methodologies, including experiments, surveys, and analyses of streaming data, providing a comprehensive, albeit nuanced, understanding of the topic.

    The Role of Algorithmic Playlists

    Algorithmic playlists, such as Spotify’s Discover Weekly (Derwinis, NaN), (Janice, 2024), (Cole, 2024), represent a significant innovation in music recommendation. These playlists leverage user listening history and data-driven insights to generate personalized recommendations (Derwinis, NaN). However, the effectiveness of these algorithms in fostering listener retention and facilitating new music discovery is a subject of ongoing debate. While some research suggests that algorithmic playlists can successfully introduce users to diverse and relevant music (Lindsay, 2016), others highlight concerns about filter bubbles and echo chambers, where algorithms may reinforce existing preferences rather than expanding musical horizons (Silber, NaN). The study by Katarzyna Derwinis and J. F. Goncalves (Derwinis, NaN) found no significant differences in self-reported use between heavy and light Spotify users. However, it revealed that users who perceived themselves as heavy users enjoyed more diverse content and appreciated algorithmic recommendations more than light users, suggesting that perceived usage may influence the effectiveness of algorithmic playlists. This highlights the importance of considering user perception alongside objective metrics when evaluating the impact of algorithmic curation. Furthermore, the study by Natasha Janice and Nurrani Kusumawati (Janice, 2024) found a significant positive impact of the quality-of-service experience through Discover Weekly on user satisfaction and loyalty to Spotify, directly linking algorithmic playlist quality to user retention.

    The effectiveness of algorithmic playlists in driving new music discovery is also influenced by factors beyond the algorithm itself. The subjective organization of songs and genres within a platform’s interface, misrepresentation of songs and artists within genre-based playlists, and the use of user actions (skips, likes, dislikes, etc.) as an assertion of preferences all present challenges (Silber, NaN). These challenges highlight the limitations of relying solely on algorithms for music discovery and underscore the need for a more holistic approach that considers the user experience and the broader context of music consumption. The ACM Recommender Systems Challenge 2018 (Schedl, NaN) further emphasizes the importance of developing sophisticated algorithms for automatic playlist continuation, highlighting the ongoing effort to improve the user experience and engagement through enhanced recommendation systems. This challenge, focused on predicting missing tracks in user-created playlists, directly addresses the problem of seamlessly integrating new music discoveries into established listening habits.

    Human Curation and its Impact

    In contrast to algorithmic playlists, human-curated playlists offer a different approach to music discovery and listener retention. These playlists are created by music experts or curators who leverage their knowledge and experience to select songs that fit a specific theme or mood (Lindsay, 2016), (Cole, 2024). Research suggests that human-curated playlists provide more consistent recommendations compared to algorithmic curation (Lindsay, 2016), potentially enhancing listener satisfaction and fostering a sense of trust in the platform’s recommendations. The study by C. Lindsay (Lindsay, 2016) found that while human-curated playlists offered more consistent recommendations, algorithmic curation was more effective for discovering new music. This suggests a complementary role for both human and algorithmic approaches in optimizing the user experience. Sebastian Cole and Jessica Yarin Robinson (Cole, 2024) further highlight the importance of human curation in their study of Christmas music playlists, demonstrating how even within a seemingly homogenous genre, users employ playlists as a form of self-expression and individuality, highlighting the interplay between algorithmic and human curation in shaping user experience. The “algotorial” process employed by Spotify (Cole, 2024), a blend of human and algorithmic curation, exemplifies this trend towards integrating both approaches to optimize recommendation effectiveness.

    However, the role of human curators is not without its limitations. Concerns exist regarding potential biases and commercial influences that could affect the diversity and representativeness of curated playlists (Silber, NaN), (Cole, 2024). The influence of major labels and the potential for underrepresentation of independent artists or specific genres remain critical considerations (Prey, 2020), (Prey, 2020). Moreover, the opaque nature of playlist curation processes can limit transparency and accountability, raising concerns about potential manipulation or favoritism (Silber, NaN). The research by Robert Prey, Marc Esteve Del Valle, and Leslie R. Zwerwer (Prey, 2020), (Prey, 2020) highlights the significant role of Spotify’s editorial capacity in shaping music discovery and consumption patterns. Their analysis of promotion patterns on Spotify’s Twitter account reveals how the platform’s corporate strategy influences which artists and songs receive prominence, potentially affecting listener retention by promoting certain tracks and artists over others. This underscores the need for greater transparency and a deeper understanding of the factors influencing playlist curation to ensure fairness and diversity.

    Playlists and Listener Retention

    The relationship between music playlists and listener retention is complex and multifaceted. While effective playlists can enhance user engagement and satisfaction (Janice, 2024), (Cole, 2024), several factors can influence their impact on listener retention. User satisfaction is strongly linked to the quality of the listening experience (Janice, 2024), which is influenced by various factors including the diversity and relevance of recommendations, the ease of navigation, and the overall design of the platform (Gabbolini, 2022). The study by Giovanni Gabbolini and Derek Bridge (Gabbolini, 2022) found that a “Greedy” algorithm generated more liked experiences than an “Optimal” algorithm, suggesting that the specific algorithm used can significantly impact user satisfaction. Key factors for user satisfaction included segue diversity and song arrangement familiarity, indicating that the structural aspects of playlist design are crucial for creating a positive listening experience. Furthermore, the study by Sean Nicolas Brggemann (Brggemann, NaN) highlights the significant role of playlist curators in influencing listener behavior and track demand, emphasizing that effective targeted marketing hinges on identifying the right playlists for promoting tracks. This underscores the importance of playlist curation in driving listener engagement and retention.

    However, the impact of playlists on listener retention is not solely determined by the quality of the playlists themselves. Other factors, such as the overall user experience, the availability of other features on the platform, and the listener’s personal preferences, also play a significant role (Walsh, 2024), (Datta, 2017). The research by M. Walsh (Walsh, 2024) explores the phenomenon of background music, demonstrating how streaming services enable users to integrate music into everyday activities, often treating it as background audio. This suggests that while playlists might contribute to overall music consumption, the level of focused engagement with individual tracks might be reduced, potentially affecting the depth of listener connection and retention. The study by Hannes Datta, George Knox, and Bart J. Bronnenberg (Datta, 2017) found that adoption of streaming services leads to increased quantity and diversity of music consumption, but the effects attenuate over time. This suggests that while playlists can initially drive increased engagement, maintaining long-term listener retention requires a more comprehensive strategy. The study also highlights that repeat listening decreases, but the best discoveries have higher rates. This points to the importance of introducing new and engaging music to listeners, suggesting that playlists serve a crucial role in fostering long-term engagement.

    Playlists and the Discovery of New Music

    Playlists serve as a powerful tool for facilitating the discovery of new music on streaming services. However, the effectiveness of playlists in this regard depends on various factors, including the type of playlist (algorithmic or human-curated), the diversity of the recommendations, and the listener’s existing musical preferences (Silber, NaN), (Lindsay, 2016), (Cole, 2024). The study by C. Lindsay (Lindsay, 2016) found that algorithmic curation is more effective for discovering new music than human curation, suggesting that algorithms can be more successful in introducing users to unfamiliar artists and genres. However, the potential for algorithmic biases and the limitations of relying solely on data-driven recommendations remain a crucial concern (Silber, NaN). The study by Lorenzo Porcaro, Emlia Gmez, and Carlos Castillo (Porcaro, 2023) demonstrates that diverse music recommendations can positively impact listeners’ attitudes towards unfamiliar genres, suggesting that playlists featuring a wide range of music can help listeners overcome pre-existing biases and discover new artists and genres.

    The introduction of new music through playlists is also influenced by contextual factors, such as the listener’s emotional state and the specific listening environment (Walsh, 2024), (Ycel, 2022). The research by M. Walsh (Walsh, 2024) highlights how streaming services enable users to integrate music into everyday activities, often as background audio, which may affect their engagement with new music and retention of previously enjoyed tracks. The study by A. Ycel (Ycel, 2022) shows that music preference is associated with emotional state, suggesting that playlists tailored to specific emotions could enhance the discovery and appreciation of new music. The integration of music into diverse everyday activities can expand the role of music beyond focused listening sessions, potentially leading to increased overall music consumption and exposure to diverse genres (Walsh, 2024). However, this increased exposure may also lead to a diminished appreciation for focused listening and silence (Walsh, 2024), potentially impacting the depth of engagement with individual tracks and artists.

    The effectiveness of playlists in fostering music discovery is also influenced by the design and presentation of the playlists themselves (Gabbolini, 2022), (Bree, NaN), (Park, 2022). The research by Giovanni Gabbolini and Derek Bridge (Gabbolini, 2022) highlights the importance of factors like segue diversity and song arrangement familiarity in enhancing user satisfaction, suggesting that careful consideration of playlist design can significantly impact the listener’s experience and ability to discover new music. Furthermore, the study by Lotte van Bree, Mark P. Graus, and B. Ferwerda (Bree, NaN) shows that personalized vocabulary in playlist titles significantly influences user decision-making, suggesting that carefully crafted playlist titles can enhance the appeal of playlists and encourage exploration of new music. The research by So Yeon Park and Blair Kaneshiro (Park, 2022) highlights the importance of considering user needs and desires when designing collaborative playlists, emphasizing that features facilitating communication and multiple collaborator editing can enhance user satisfaction and engagement. This further underscores the importance of considering user-centric design principles when creating playlists to optimize their effectiveness in driving music discovery.

    The Influence of Platform Strategies

    The strategies employed by music streaming platforms significantly impact how playlists influence listener retention and the discovery of new music. Platforms like Spotify actively shape user experience through algorithmic personalization, editorial curation, and targeted marketing (Prey, 2020), (Prey, 2020), (Pedersen, 2020). However, these strategies are not without their limitations and potential drawbacks. The research by Robert Prey, Marc Esteve Del Valle, and Leslie R. Zwerwer (Prey, 2020), (Prey, 2020) highlights the significant role of Spotify’s curated playlists in shaping music discovery and listener retention. Their analysis demonstrates how Spotify’s promotional strategies influence the exposure of major and independent labels, potentially creating a leveling effect in music exposure while simultaneously raising concerns about potential biases and the reinforcement of existing power structures within the music industry. The research by Rasmus Rex Pedersen (Pedersen, 2020) examines Spotify’s data-driven approach to music recommendations, emphasizing the interplay between editorial curation and algorithmic curation in enhancing user experience. This hybrid approach, while aiming for personalization and contextualization, also raises questions about potential biases and the prioritization of user engagement over other considerations. The study by J. Morris (Morris, 2020) further explores the optimization of music for streaming platforms, highlighting the concept of “phonographic effects” where artists adapt their music to be more playlist-friendly, potentially impacting the authenticity and diversity of music available to listeners. The research also touches on artificial play counts and musical spam, highlighting the complex interplay between platform incentives, artist strategies, and user experiences.

    The platform’s approach to playlist design and recommendation algorithms also influences user behavior and engagement. The study by Cristina Alaimo and Jannis Kallinikos (Alaimo, 2020) investigates the role of algorithms in categorizing music on platforms like Last.fm, highlighting how algorithmic categorization impacts listeners’ perception and interaction with music, potentially influencing retention and discovery. The research also discusses the transition from expert-driven categorization to algorithm-based systems, emphasizing how this shift affects user engagement with music. The study by Marc Bourreau, Franois Moreau, and Patrik Wikstrm (Bourreau, 2021) analyzes music charts data to assess cultural content changes due to digitization, highlighting a significant increase in diversity with the introduction of Spotify. This suggests that the platform’s design and algorithms can have a significant impact on the diversity of music available to listeners, potentially affecting their ability to discover new music and their overall engagement with the platform. The study by Anthony T. Pinter, Jacob M. Paul, Jessie J. Smith, and Jed R. Brubaker (Pinter, 2020) further emphasizes the interplay between algorithmic curation and expert reviews in shaping music discovery, highlighting the influence of platforms like Pitchfork on listener choices and the subsequent success of artists.

    Limitations and Future Research

    While this analysis provides a comprehensive overview of the effect of music playlists on listener retention and the discovery of new music, several limitations and areas for future research remain. Many studies focus on specific platforms or genres, limiting the generalizability of findings. The methodologies employed vary across studies, making direct comparisons challenging. Furthermore, the subjective nature of user experience and the complex interplay of factors influencing listener behavior make it difficult to isolate the precise impact of playlists.

    Future research should address these limitations by conducting larger-scale, cross-platform studies that incorporate diverse methodologies. More sophisticated analyses of streaming data are needed to better understand the complex relationships between playlist characteristics, user engagement, and retention. Qualitative research, such as in-depth interviews and focus groups, can provide valuable insights into user perceptions and experiences with playlists. Furthermore, research exploring the long-term impacts of playlist exposure on listener preferences and musical tastes is crucial. Investigating the ethical implications of algorithmic personalization and the potential for biases in playlist curation is also essential. Finally, studying the impact of collaborative playlists and the role of social interactions in shaping music discovery and retention warrants further attention.

    Music playlists have become an integral part of the music streaming experience, significantly impacting listener retention and the discovery of new music. Algorithmic playlists offer personalized recommendations, potentially exposing listeners to diverse genres and artists. However, concerns remain regarding filter bubbles and echo chambers. Human-curated playlists provide consistent recommendations but may be subject to biases and commercial influences. Effective playlists enhance user engagement and satisfaction, but factors like user experience, platform features, and listening contexts also play a crucial role in listener retention. The strategies employed by streaming platforms significantly influence how playlists shape music discovery and consumption patterns. Future research should address the limitations of existing studies and explore the multifaceted relationships between playlists, user behavior, and the evolving landscape of music streaming. A more holistic approach, integrating quantitative and qualitative methods, is needed to fully understand the complex interplay of factors influencing the impact of music playlists on listener engagement and the ongoing evolution of music discovery.

    References

    Alaimo, C. & Kallinikos, J. (2020). Managing by data: algorithmic categories and organizing. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840620934062

    Bourreau, M., Moreau, F., & Wikstrm, P. (2021). Does digitization lead to the homogenization of cultural content?. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecin.13015

    Bree, L. V., Graus, M. P., & Ferwerda, B. (NaN). Framing theory on music streaming platforms: how vocabulary influences music playlist decision-making and expectations. None. https://doi.org/None

    Brggemann, S. N. (NaN). Effectiveness of targeted digital marketing. None. https://doi.org/10.3929/ETHZ-B-000476394

    Cole, S. & Robinson, J. Y. (2024). Curating christmas. M/C Journal. https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.3125

    Datta, H., Knox, G., & Bronnenberg, B. J. (2017). Changing their tune: how consumers adoption of online streaming affects music consumption and discovery. Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2017.1051


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  • What Media Interventions Can Help Reduce Obesity and Overweight?

    admin

    Research Suggestions at the end of the literature review

    Introduction

    Obesity and overweight are significant global health concerns (Wongtongtair, 2021), (Baranowski, 2015), (Selvaraj, 2024), with far-reaching consequences for individuals and healthcare systems. The pervasiveness of media in modern life presents both challenges and opportunities in addressing this epidemic. This review examines various media interventions designed to combat obesity and overweight, analyzing their effectiveness, limitations, and potential for future development. We will explore diverse approaches, including video games, mobile health applications, social media campaigns, mass media campaigns, and educational programs delivered through digital platforms. A critical evaluation of the existing literature will highlight successful strategies, identify research gaps, and propose avenues for improving future interventions.

    Video Games and Exergames as Interventions

    The potential of video games to influence health behaviors, particularly in relation to obesity, is a growing area of research (Baranowski, 2015). Tom Baranowski’s work (Baranowski, 2015) highlights “Games for Health” (G4H) as a promising approach, utilizing entertainment game technology to achieve health goals. A systematic review identified 28 studies, with 40% showing positive influences on obesity-related behaviors (Baranowski, 2015). Games targeting dietary changes have demonstrated success in increasing fruit and vegetable consumption (Baranowski, 2015), , , . However, the effectiveness of exergames, which incorporate physical activity into gameplay, may be limited without consistent supervision (Baranowski, 2015), , , . While exergames can provide intense workouts in controlled settings (Baranowski, 2015), , maintaining engagement and exertion levels outside of these environments poses a significant challenge (Baranowski, 2015). Further research is needed to understand how to sustain engagement and translate short-term gains into long-term lifestyle changes (Bissell, NaN), (Calcaterra, 2023). A study examining the effectiveness of Wii exergames on children’s enjoyment, engagement, and exertion in physical activity showed promising results (Bissell, NaN), suggesting that this type of media intervention could be a valuable tool. The games’ instructional models were effective in engaging children, potentially leading to increased energy expenditure and reduced sedentary behavior (Bissell, NaN). However, the study was a pilot study and further research is needed on larger populations, especially targeting those already battling obesity (Bissell, NaN).

    Mobile Health (mHealth) and Smartphone Applications

     The rise of smartphones and mobile technology has created new avenues for delivering health interventions (Wongtongtair, 2021), (Watanabe-Ito, 2020), (Seid, 2024), (Volkova, 2017). A study comparing mobile health education messages to face-to-face consultation for weight reduction in overweight female adolescents in Thailand found significant weight reduction in both intervention groups (Wongtongtair, 2021). This highlights the potential of mobile health education to empower individuals and improve health behaviors (Wongtongtair, 2021). Another study utilized a smartphone app for creating dietary diaries and social media interaction to promote healthy eating habits among college students (Watanabe-Ito, 2020). This intervention resulted in a significant increase in interest in eating habits and a decrease in self-evaluation of eating habits (Watanabe-Ito, 2020), suggesting that digital tools can effectively raise awareness and encourage critical thinking about dietary choices (Watanabe-Ito, 2020). A systematic review of randomized controlled trials confirmed that internet-based smartphone apps consistently improved consumers’ healthy eating behaviors (Seid, 2024). The review found that 52% of offline-capable smartphone apps were successful in promoting healthier eating habits, demonstrating the effectiveness of these interventions across diverse groups (Seid, 2024). However, a study evaluating a mobile health obesity prevention program in young children found no significant intervention effect on fat mass index when compared to a control group (Works, 2020), highlighting the need for well-designed and targeted interventions (Works, 2020). Recruitment strategies for smartphone-delivered interventions are also crucial, with social media advertising, particularly Facebook campaigns, proving effective (Volkova, 2017). Culturally relevant materials are essential for maximizing reach and engagement within diverse populations (Volkova, 2017).

    Social Media Campaigns and Interventions

    Social media platforms offer significant potential for reaching large audiences and promoting health behavior change (Luo, 2024), (Sendyana, 2024), (Selvaraj, 2024), (Rukmini, 2021), (Prybutok, 2024), (Acha, 2022), (Osei-Kwasi, NaN), (Modrzejewska, 2022), (Chen, 2024), (Bacheva, 2024). A narrative review synthesized evidence on the individual-level effects of social media campaigns related to healthy eating, physical activity, and healthy weight (Luo, 2024). The review found that actively engaging users tends to be more effective than passive information dissemination (Luo, 2024). A campaign designed to reduce sugar consumption among adolescents in Indonesia utilized Instagram and YouTube, delivering educational content about hidden sugars (Sendyana, 2024). While the campaign effectively increased knowledge (Rukmini, 2021), translating this knowledge into behavior change presented challenges (Rukmini, 2021). Another study in Indonesia focused on the impact of an Instagram campaign on healthy eating among college students (Rukmini, 2021). Although the campaign increased knowledge, it did not lead to significant changes in eating habits (Rukmini, 2021), suggesting that knowledge alone is insufficient for behavior change (Rukmini, 2021). A study examining the impact of obesity-related social media content on urban men in India found that attention to social media content positively influenced knowledge of health behaviors, leading to behavior change (Selvaraj, 2024). The study recommended frequent sharing of informative posts from health experts to raise awareness (Selvaraj, 2024). Social media can also create supportive communities, as demonstrated by a study showing that communication with friends on social media enhanced understanding of weight management conversations (Prybutok, 2024). However, challenges remain, including misinformation, privacy concerns, and the need for sustained engagement (Acha, 2022). A case study approach examined interventions using YouTube, Instagram, and Facebook, highlighting the importance of platform-specific features and community support (Acha, 2022). The study emphasized that social media interventions should augment, not replace, in-person treatment (Acha, 2022). A youth-led social marketing intervention in Spain utilized peer influence to promote healthy lifestyles, targeting socioeconomically disadvantaged youth (Llaurad, 2015). The intervention aimed to increase fruit and vegetable consumption and reduce screen time (Llaurad, 2015). Social media’s influence on body image and eating patterns is also significant (Modrzejewska, 2022), potentially contributing to obesity (Modrzejewska, 2022). However, social media can also be a valuable resource for obesity prevention and treatment, providing information and social support (Modrzejewska, 2022). A study in China linked digital media consumption to increased obesity rates among adolescents and young adults (Chen, 2024), highlighting the need for targeted interventions (Chen, 2024). A study in Bulgaria showed that social media is a primary source of information regarding healthy eating among youth (Bacheva, 2024), suggesting that targeted social media campaigns could be a powerful tool for promoting healthier lifestyles (Bacheva, 2024).

    Mass Media Campaigns

    Mass media campaigns have been employed to address obesity through public health messaging (Morley, 2018), (Falbe, 2017), (Kraak, 2021), (Gerberding, 2004), (Smith, 2015), (Dixon, 2018), (Capito, 2022). The LiveLighter campaign in Australia successfully reduced sugar-sweetened beverage consumption and increased water consumption among overweight and obese individuals (Morley, 2018). This multi-faceted campaign utilized television, radio, cinema, and online advertising (Morley, 2018). Another campaign focused on discouraging sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, highlighting their contribution to obesity, diabetes, and heart disease (Falbe, 2017). A systematic scoping review developed a typology of media campaigns to evaluate their collective impact on promoting healthy hydration behaviors and reducing sugary beverage health risks (Kraak, 2021). The typology included corporate advertising, social marketing, public information campaigns, and media advocacy (Kraak, 2021). The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) VERB campaign utilized social marketing strategies to promote physical activity among tweens (Gerberding, 2004), showcasing the power of partnerships with athletes and celebrities (Gerberding, 2004). A study examining audience perceptions of mass media messages on physical activity revealed that messages about the risks of inactivity, particularly concerning obesity, were most readily recalled (Smith, 2015). However, there was a perceived lack of practical advice, indicating a need for more engaging and informative campaigns (Smith, 2015). The impact of unhealthy food sponsorship in sports on young adults’ food preferences was also investigated (Dixon, 2018), demonstrating that pro-health sponsorship models can enhance positive brand awareness (Dixon, 2018). Developing effective mass media campaigns requires careful consideration of messaging, target audience, and dissemination channels (Capito, 2022). Involving consumers in the campaign development process significantly enhances effectiveness (Capito, 2022).

    Educational Programs and Interventions

     Educational interventions, often delivered through media, play a crucial role in obesity prevention and treatment (Robinson, 2010), (Peterson, 2015), (Austin, 2012), (Mauriello, 2006), (Mandi, 2020), , (Gianfredi, 2021), (Binder, 2021). The Melbourne InFANT Program targeted first-time parents to influence child-focused obesity prevention (Hesketh, 2011), positively affecting maternal beliefs about television’s role in development and diet (Hesketh, 2011). This resulted in children in the intervention group watching less television and consuming more fruits and vegetables (Hesketh, 2011). The Healthy Choices program, a multi-component obesity prevention program targeting middle school students, showed significant increases in weight-related behaviors over three years, including increased fruit and vegetable consumption, reduced television watching, and increased physical activity (Peterson, 2015). The Planet Health intervention in Massachusetts middle schools demonstrated that higher exposure to lessons aimed at reducing television viewing was associated with lower odds of disordered weight control behaviors (Austin, 2012). A computer-based obesity prevention program for adolescents utilized individualized feedback based on readiness to engage in healthy behaviors (Mauriello, 2006), targeting television viewing reduction (Mauriello, 2006). A study promoting physical activity among medical students combined a web-based approach and motivational interviews (Mandi, 2020), demonstrating the effectiveness of multicomponent interventions (Mandi, 2020). A nutritional intervention using pictorial representations in Brazil significantly improved dietary knowledge and practices among adolescents , increasing vegetable consumption and reducing soft drink intake . The COcONUT project used theatrical and practical workshops to improve children’s adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (Gianfredi, 2021). A typology of persuasive strategies for presenting healthy foods to children was proposed, outlining composition-related, source-related, and information-related characteristics (Binder, 2021). The study highlighted the lack of conclusive studies on the effects of healthy food presentations compared to unhealthy ones (Binder, 2021), indicating a need for further research in this area (Binder, 2021).

    Addressing Specific Populations and Cultural Considerations

     The effectiveness of media interventions is influenced by cultural context and target audience (Osei-Kwasi, NaN), (Robinson, 2010), (Okpanachi, 2024), (Molenaar, 2021), (Aleid, 2024). A culturally tailored diet and lifestyle intervention for African and Caribbean people in Manchester utilized social media interactions and a fitness mobile application to enhance engagement and promote healthy behaviors (Osei-Kwasi, NaN). The study highlighted the benefits of a culturally tailored approach and an all-African delivery team (Osei-Kwasi, NaN). A community-based obesity prevention program for low-income African American girls included culturally tailored dance classes and a home-based intervention to reduce screen media use (Robinson, 2010). While BMI changes did not significantly differ between groups, secondary outcomes, such as improved cholesterol levels and reduced depressive symptoms, were observed (Robinson, 2010). The development of Food Villain, a serious game designed to influence healthy eating habits among African international students, addresses cultural, environmental, and behavioral factors impacting dietary choices (Okpanachi, 2024). The game’s web-based and virtual reality versions aim to enhance engagement and motivation (Okpanachi, 2024). A study examining young adults’ engagement with social media food advertising in Australia highlighted the influence of advertisements on food choices and perceptions of health (Molenaar, 2021). Participants expressed feelings of guilt related to unhealthy eating behaviors influenced by advertising (Molenaar, 2021). A study in Saudi Arabia found that social media food advertisements significantly influenced unhealthy eating behaviors, emphasizing the need for policy interventions to regulate food advertising and promote physical activity (Aleid, 2024).

    Framing Effects and Persuasive Strategies

    The way health messages are framed significantly impacts their effectiveness (Binder, 2020), (Faras, 2020), (Requero, 2021). A study investigating gain- and loss-framed nutritional messages found that gain-framed messages increased awareness and healthy eating behavior among children aged 6-10 (Binder, 2020). Children exposed to gain-framed messages showed a higher intake of fruits compared to the control group (Binder, 2020). Another study examined the effectiveness of fear versus hope appeals in health advertisements (Faras, 2020). Individual characteristics, such as self-efficacy and fast food consumption frequency, moderated the effectiveness of these appeals (Faras, 2020). The study highlighted the importance of tailoring messages to individual differences (Faras, 2020). A review explored how healthy eating campaigns can change attitudes and behaviors through persuasion processes (Requero, 2021). The review emphasized the significance of elaboration and perceived validity of thoughts in mediating persuasion (Requero, 2021). Different modalities of information presentation (verbal, visual, physical experiences) can also influence effectiveness (Requero, 2021).

    Parental Involvement and Family-Based Interventions

    Parental involvement plays a critical role in shaping children’s eating habits and physical activity levels (Lepeleere, 2017), (Hesketh, 2011), (Modrzejewska, 2022), (Haines, 2018), (, NaN), (, NaN). An online video intervention aimed at promoting positive parenting practices related to children’s physical activity, screen time, and diet showed some improvements in physical activity levels in older children (ages 10-12) (Lepeleere, 2017), but no significant effects on children’s diet were found (Lepeleere, 2017). The Melbourne InFANT Program showed promising impacts on parental attitudes and beliefs, influencing children’s diet and television viewing behaviors (Hesketh, 2011). Parental food preferences and knowledge significantly affect children’s food choices (Modrzejewska, 2022), and social media can further influence these behaviors (Modrzejewska, 2022). A home-based obesity prevention intervention among families with children aged 1.5 to 5 years showed significant improvements in fruit intake and a reduction in the percentage of fat mass in one intervention group compared to the control group (Haines, 2018). A review highlighted that long screen time negatively affects sleep duration and quality, which can contribute to obesity (, NaN). A weight management program based on self-determination theory (SDT) that included structured exercise and parental involvement showed improvements in psychological aspects, even though weight loss was not achieved (, NaN). The study highlighted the role of parental support and the importance of improving communication patterns within families (, NaN).

    Limitations and Future Directions

    While the studies reviewed demonstrate the potential of media interventions in addressing obesity and overweight, several limitations and research gaps need to be addressed. Many studies have limitations in terms of sample size, methodological rigor, and follow-up periods. Longitudinal studies are needed to assess the long-term effectiveness of interventions (Luo, 2024), (Acha, 2022). The effectiveness of interventions may vary across different populations and cultural contexts (Osei-Kwasi, NaN), (Robinson, 2010), (Okpanachi, 2024). More research is needed to understand the mechanisms through which media interventions influence behavior change (Anton, 2014). The role of individual characteristics, such as self-efficacy and motivation, needs further investigation (Faras, 2020), (Requero, 2021). The development of more engaging and culturally appropriate materials is crucial for maximizing reach and impact (Volkova, 2017), (Capito, 2022). Furthermore, the ethical considerations of using social media in health interventions, including data privacy and the potential for exacerbating health disparities, must be addressed (Acha, 2022). The integration of media interventions into broader community-based programs is also crucial for sustained impact (Jeffery, 2006). Finally, the cost-effectiveness of different media interventions needs to be evaluated to guide resource allocation (Volkova, 2017).

    Media interventions hold significant promise for reducing obesity and overweight. Various approaches, including video games, mobile health applications, social media campaigns, mass media campaigns, and educational programs, have demonstrated effectiveness in influencing dietary habits, physical activity levels, and other obesity-related behaviors. However, the effectiveness of these interventions varies greatly depending on factors such as the specific approach, target population, cultural context, and message framing. Future research should focus on addressing the limitations of existing studies, improving methodological rigor, and developing culturally tailored interventions that address the specific needs and challenges of different populations. A multi-pronged approach involving multiple sectors of society, including healthcare professionals, educators, policymakers, and the media, is essential for creating a supportive environment that encourages healthy eating and physical activity. By leveraging the power of media effectively, we can contribute significantly to combating the global obesity epidemic.

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    Sendyana, I. N. T. & Rizkiantono, R. E. (2024). Perancangan kampanye pola hidup rendah gula melalui media sosial sebagai upaya pencegahan obesitas bagi remaja usia 16 -21 tahun. None. https://doi.org/10.12962/j29880114.v1i3.735

    Smith, B. J. & Bonfiglioli, C. (2015). Physical activity in the mass media: an audience perspective. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/her/cyv008

    Volkova, E., Michie, J., Corrigan, C., Sundborn, G., Eyles, H., Jiang, Y., & Mhurch, C. N. (2017). Effectiveness of recruitment to a smartphone-delivered nutrition intervention in new zealand: analysis of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016198

    Watanabe-Ito, M., Kishi, E., & Shimizu, Y. (2020). Promoting healthy eating habits for college students through creating dietary diaries via a smartphone app and social media interaction: online survey study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. https://doi.org/10.2196/17613

    Wongtongtair, S., Iamsupasit, S., Somrongthong, R., Kumar, R., & Yamarat, K. (2021). Comparison of mobile health education messages verses face-to-face consultation for weight reduction among overweight female adolescents in thailand. F1000Research. https://doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.51156.2

    Works, C. & Miller, J. (2020). Is prolotherapy effective in reducing pain and improving function in patients with knee oa?. None. https://doi.org/10.1097/ebp.0000000000000578

    Ideas For Quantitative Research  

    The global obesity epidemic presents a significant public health challenge (Gerberding, 2004), (Baranowski, 2015), (Tsai, 2019). Addressing this complex issue requires a multifaceted approach, with media interventions playing a crucial role in shaping health behaviors and promoting lifestyle changes (Luo, 2024), (Sendyana, 2024), (Kraak, 2021). However, existing research reveals significant knowledge gaps regarding the effectiveness, long-term impact, and optimal design of various media interventions (Mller, 2010), (Robinson, 2017), (Randolph, 2015). This document outlines ten quantitative research suggestions, directly addressing these knowledge gaps and proposing avenues for more effective obesity prevention and treatment strategies.

    Quantitative Research Suggestions

    Comparative Effectiveness of Mobile Health Interventions

    • Research Question: How do different mHealth interventions (e.g., text messaging, mobile apps with varying levels of interactivity, gamified apps) compare in their effectiveness in promoting weight loss and maintaining healthy behaviors in adults with obesity?

      Knowledge Gap: While some mHealth interventions have shown promise (Wongtongtair, 2021), (Randolph, 2015), a direct comparison of different approaches across a large and diverse population is lacking. The effectiveness of text messaging interventions, for instance, has yielded mixed results (Randolph, 2015).

      Methodology: A multi-arm RCT comparing multiple mHealth interventions. Participants would be randomly assigned to different intervention groups, each receiving a unique mHealth intervention. Outcome measures would include changes in BMI, waist circumference, physical activity levels, dietary habits, and self-reported adherence to the intervention.

    Effectiveness of Culturally Tailored Social Media Campaigns

    • Research Question: What is the effectiveness of culturally tailored social media campaigns in promoting healthy eating and physical activity among specific ethnic minority groups, compared to general population campaigns?

      Knowledge Gap: While social media interventions show promise (Luo, 2024), (Sendyana, 2024), (Rukmini, 2021), (Acha, 2022), the effectiveness of culturally tailored campaigns in specific populations remains understudied (Obita, 2023). Studies have shown varying results regarding the effectiveness of social media campaigns on behavior change.

      Methodology: A cluster-randomized controlled trial (CRCT) comparing culturally tailored campaigns to general population campaigns. Clusters could be schools or communities with significant populations of the target ethnic minority group. Outcome measures would include changes in BMI, dietary habits, physical activity levels, and knowledge of healthy lifestyle choices.

    Impact of Mass Media Campaigns on Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Consumption

    • Research Question: What is the impact of a comprehensive mass media campaign (television, radio, print, and online advertising) on the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and related health outcomes (BMI, waist circumference, blood glucose levels) among adults, compared to a control group?

      Knowledge Gap: While some mass media campaigns have shown success in reducing SSB consumption (Morley, 2018), further research is needed to evaluate the long-term effects and the optimal design of these campaigns (Falbe, 2017). The effectiveness of such campaigns can be significantly influenced by the presence of heavy commercial advertising promoting SSBs (Morley, 2018).

      Methodology: A controlled before-and-after study design. Data would be collected from a representative sample of adults before and after the campaign using surveys and physiological measurements. The control group would be a similar population in a geographical area not exposed to the campaign.

    The Role of Parental Education in Media Intervention Effectiveness

    • Research Question: How does maternal education level moderate the effectiveness of media interventions (e.g., online videos, mobile apps) aimed at improving children’s dietary habits and physical activity levels?

      Knowledge Gap: The effectiveness of interventions may vary based on parental characteristics (Ball, NaN). Higher educated mothers showed a more significant positive effect on their children’s vegetable consumption, while lower educated mothers saw a greater positive effect on their children’s water consumption due to the intervention (Ball, NaN).

      Methodology: An RCT comparing the effectiveness of a media intervention among children whose mothers have different levels of education. Outcome measures would include changes in children’s BMI, dietary habits, and physical activity levels. Moderation analysis would be conducted to assess the influence of maternal education on the intervention’s effectiveness.

    Influence of Food Advertising on Social Media on Eating Behaviors

    • Research Question: What is the relationship between exposure to unhealthy food advertising on social media and eating behaviors (fast food consumption, snacking frequency, fruit and vegetable intake) among young adults, considering the influence of algorithms and ad-blockers?

      Knowledge Gap: The pervasive influence of food advertising on social media on young adults’ eating behaviors is a significant concern (Molenaar, 2021). The use of ad-blockers and algorithms can further complicate this relationship.

      Methodology: A cross-sectional study using surveys and social media data analysis. Participants would complete questionnaires about their social media usage, exposure to food advertising, and eating behaviors. Social media data analysis would be used to assess actual exposure to food advertisements.

    Effectiveness of Peer-Led Social Media Interventions

    • Research Question: How effective are peer-led social media interventions in promoting healthy lifestyle choices (physical activity, healthy eating) among adolescents compared to interventions led by health professionals?

      Knowledge Gap: While peer influence is powerful (Llaurad, 2015), (Chung, 2021), a direct comparison of peer-led versus professional-led social media interventions is needed. Studies have shown that peer influence on social media can promote both healthy and unhealthy eating behaviors (Chung, 2021).

      Methodology: An RCT comparing peer-led and professional-led social media interventions. Adolescents would be randomly assigned to either a peer-led group or a professional-led group. Outcome measures would include changes in physical activity levels, dietary habits, and self-reported healthy lifestyle choices.

    Impact of Framing Effects on Health Messages

    • Research Question: How do different message framing strategies (gain-framed vs. loss-framed, fear appeals vs. hope appeals) influence the effectiveness of media interventions aimed at reducing unhealthy eating behaviors among children and adolescents?

      Knowledge Gap: The optimal framing of health messages for different age groups and behaviors remains unclear , , . Gain-framed messages have shown promise in increasing awareness and healthy eating behavior among young children .

      Methodology: An RCT comparing the effectiveness of different message framing strategies. Participants would be randomly assigned to different groups receiving messages with different frames. Outcome measures would include changes in knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to healthy eating.

    Effectiveness of Combining Media Interventions and Other Approaches

    • Research Question: What is the comparative effectiveness of integrating media interventions (e.g., mobile apps, social media campaigns) with other approaches (e.g., behavioral therapy, family-based interventions) in achieving weight loss and improving health outcomes in obese adults?

      Knowledge Gap: The synergistic effects of combining media interventions with other treatment modalities are not well understood (Dietz, 2006), (Hutfless, 2013), (Bray, NaN). Studies have shown that combining behavioral interventions with pharmacotherapy can lead to significant weight loss (Dietz, 2006).

      Methodology: An RCT comparing a combined intervention (media intervention plus another approach) to a control group receiving only the other approach. Outcome measures would include changes in BMI, waist circumference, physical activity levels, dietary habits, and quality of life.

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  • The Use of Scent to Enhance Immersion in Virtual Reality, Streaming, and Broadcasting

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    Introduction

    The integration of olfactory cues, or scents, into virtual reality (VR), streaming, and broadcasting environments represents a burgeoning field of research aimed at enhancing user immersion and engagement. While visual and auditory stimuli have long been the dominant forces in these media, the potential of olfaction to create more realistic and emotionally resonant experiences is increasingly recognized (Silva, 2024), (Flavin, 2020), (Brengman, 2022). This exploration delves into the current state of research, examining the methods employed, the findings obtained, and the remaining challenges in leveraging scent to deepen the immersive qualities of these technologies.

    The Science of Scent and Immersion

    The human sense of smell, unlike other senses, has a direct connection to the limbic system, the brain region responsible for emotions and memory (Silva, 2024). This unique neurological pathway suggests that olfactory stimuli can powerfully influence emotional responses and memory recall, making them potentially valuable tools for enhancing immersion in virtual environments. Studies have shown that olfactory stimulation can indeed increase immersion and the sense of reality in VR (, NaN), (Cowan, 2023), leading to more positive brand responses, particularly in retail settings (Cowan, 2023). However, the effectiveness of scent is not solely dependent on its presence; the congruency between the scent and the virtual environment is also crucial (Flavin, 2020). Using ill-matched scents can actually reduce the immersive experience (, NaN), highlighting the importance of careful scent selection and integration.

    The impact of scent on immersion is not merely a matter of adding a pleasant aroma; it’s about creating a cohesive and believable sensory experience. This involves carefully synchronizing olfactory cues with visual and auditory stimuli to create a more holistic and believable experience (Silva, 2024), (Garca-Ruiz, 2021). For instance, in a virtual forest, the scent of pine needles might be released to complement the visual and auditory elements, enhancing the user’s sense of being present in that environment (Flavin, 2020). This concept extends beyond simple realism; the use of scent can also be strategically employed to evoke specific emotions or enhance the narrative arc of a virtual experience (Brengman, 2022).

    Several studies have explored the effectiveness of incorporating scent into VR experiences. Cowan, Ketron, Kostyk, and Kristofferson (Cowan, 2023) conducted four studies using both ambient (actual scents) and imagined scents (prompted through descriptions) in various settings, including field testing and laboratory experiments. Their findings demonstrated that the presence of actual scents significantly enhanced immersion compared to their absence (Cowan, 2023). Similarly, Edwards and Sessoms (Edwards, 2013) integrated a scent delivery system into the Computer Assisted Rehabilitation Environment (CAREN), a virtual reality system used for rehabilitation. They found that the addition of olfactory stimulation significantly increased immersion and improved rehabilitation outcomes (Edwards, 2013).

    However, the research is not without its inconsistencies. Svenson, Kass, and Blalock (Svenson, 2024) conducted a study examining the impact of scents on immersion, anxiety, and mood in VR. Interestingly, while the VR experience itself significantly reduced anxiety and improved mood, the addition of scents did not significantly affect memory performance or immersion levels (Svenson, 2024). This suggests that the effectiveness of scent in enhancing immersion may be context-dependent and requires further investigation.

    Technological Advancements in Olfactory Delivery

    The successful implementation of olfactory cues in immersive environments relies heavily on the technological capabilities of scent delivery systems. Early attempts to integrate scents into cinema, such as AromaRama and Smell-O-Vision (Spence, 2020), were hampered by technological limitations. However, recent advancements have led to the development of more sophisticated and compact olfactory displays (Javerliat, 2022), (Yang, 2022), (Niedenthal, 2022). These devices offer improvements in scent diffusion rates, control over scent intensity and blending, and compatibility with various VR headsets (Javerliat, 2022), (Yang, 2022), (Niedenthal, 2022). Some systems even utilize AI to synchronize olfactory cues with visual and auditory stimuli (Silva, 2024), allowing for more dynamic and contextually relevant scent experiences.

    Nebula, an open-source olfactory display for VR headsets (Javerliat, 2022), is a prime example of this progress. Its ability to diffuse scents at different rates, combined with its affordability and open-source nature, facilitates further research and development in the field (Javerliat, 2022). Similarly, the self-powered virtual olfactory generation system developed by Yang et al. (Yang, 2022) utilizes a bionic fibrous membrane and electrostatic field accelerated evaporation for rapid and controlled scent release, enabling wireless control via mobile devices (Yang, 2022). These advancements are crucial for creating seamless and engaging olfactory experiences in VR. Another example is the graspable olfactory display developed by Niedenthal et al. (Niedenthal, 2022), which allows for control over scent magnitude and blending, and has proven to be intuitive for users (Niedenthal, 2022).

    Despite these advancements, challenges remain. The limited range of available scents, the size and cost of some devices, and the potential for latency issues (Silva, 2024) continue to hinder widespread adoption. Furthermore, the lack of standardized methods for scent representation and playback (Washburn, 2004) presents a significant obstacle to the reproducibility and comparability of research findings across different studies.

    Scent Integration in Different Media Contexts

    The application of olfactory cues extends beyond VR, finding potential in streaming and broadcasting contexts as well. Marfil et al. (Marfil, 2022), (Marfil, NaN) explored the integration of multisensory effects, including olfactory stimuli, to enhance immersion in hybrid TV scenarios. Their findings indicated that multisensory approaches improved the perceived quality of experience (QoE) and synchronization between multimedia content and user perceptions (Marfil, 2022), (Marfil, NaN). This suggests that incorporating scent into streaming platforms could significantly enhance viewer engagement and immersion, particularly in scenarios where visual and auditory elements alone may not be sufficient to create a compelling experience.

    The potential benefits of multisensory media are particularly relevant for various user groups, including those with sensory deficiencies or attention span problems (Marfil, 2022), (Marfil, NaN). By engaging multiple senses, multisensory media can foster greater social integration and provide more engaging educational programs (Marfil, 2022), (Marfil, NaN). In educational settings, the integration of olfactory stimuli has shown promise in improving memorization and information recall (Garca-Ruiz, 2021), further highlighting the potential of scent in enhancing learning experiences across different media platforms.

    However, the successful implementation of scent in streaming and broadcasting requires careful consideration of technical and logistical challenges. The delivery of scents to a large audience requires scalable and reliable technology, which may pose significant engineering hurdles. Furthermore, the variability in individual olfactory perception (Persky, 2020) necessitates careful consideration of scent selection and intensity to ensure a positive and effective experience for the majority of viewers.

    The Role of User Engagement and Experience

    The ultimate success of scent integration in immersive media hinges on its ability to enhance user engagement and overall satisfaction. Hammami’s (Hammami, 2024) research on VR gaming highlighted the mediating role of user engagement between immersive experiences and user satisfaction. Higher levels of immersion, facilitated by interactive elements and sensory richness, lead to greater emotional connection and satisfaction (Hammami, 2024). This underscores the importance of designing VR and streaming experiences that seamlessly integrate olfactory cues with other sensory inputs to foster a holistic and engaging experience.

    Several studies have examined the impact of scent on specific aspects of user experience. Brengman, Willems, and De Gauquier (Brengman, 2022) investigated the effect of sound and scent congruence in VR advertising. They found that product-scent congruence, when paired with sound, significantly enhanced customer engagement and immersion (Brengman, 2022). Conversely, incongruent scents had a negative impact, emphasizing the need for careful sensory alignment in VR environments. Andonova et al. (Andonova, 2023) explored the impact of multisensory stimulation (including scent) on learning in VR. While they found that VR combined with olfactory stimuli enhanced creativity, recall scores were highest with traditional video alone, suggesting that the effectiveness of multisensory experiences might be context-dependent (Andonova, 2023).

    Xia et al. (Xia, 2024) investigated the impact of thermal and scent feedback on emotional responses in a VR evacuation experiment. While thermal feedback significantly enhanced negative emotional states and immersion, the effect of scent feedback was less pronounced (Xia, 2024). This study highlights the complexity of multisensory integration and the need for further research to understand the nuanced interplay between different sensory modalities.

    Future Directions and Research Gaps

    Despite the growing interest and technological advancements, several research gaps remain. The inconsistent findings regarding the impact of scent on immersion underscore the need for more rigorous and controlled studies to identify the optimal conditions for scent integration (Svenson, 2024), (Andonova, 2023). Further research is needed to explore the interplay between different sensory modalities and to develop standardized methods for scent representation and playback (Washburn, 2004). The development of more affordable, compact, and versatile olfactory displays is also crucial for wider adoption of scent technology in immersive environments (Silva, 2024).

    The exploration of scent’s influence on specific user groups, such as those with sensory impairments or cognitive differences (Marfil, 2022), (Marfil, NaN), (Flynn, 2024), is another important avenue for future research. Understanding how scent interacts with other psychological and physiological factors can further optimize the design of immersive experiences (Sanchez, 2024). Finally, the ethical implications of using scent in immersive media require careful consideration (Wang, 2021). For example, the potential for scent to manipulate emotions or evoke unwanted responses needs to be addressed.

    The integration of AI in scent generation and delivery systems offers promising opportunities for creating more dynamic and contextually relevant olfactory experiences (Silva, 2024). AI-powered systems could adapt scent profiles based on user preferences, emotional states, and the content being displayed (Luhaybi, 2019). This could lead to more personalized and engaging immersive experiences across various media platforms.

    Furthermore, exploring the potential of scent in specific applications, such as therapeutic interventions (Silva, 2024), (Niedenthal, 2022) and educational settings (Garca-Ruiz, 2021), (Andonova, 2023), can further highlight the benefits of scent integration. The development of novel interaction paradigms, such as mid-air gestural interactions for scent release (Li, 2023), can enhance user control and engagement, leading to more immersive and interactive experiences. The use of scent in combination with other haptic and tactile feedback methods (Gougeh, 2023), (Saleme, 2019) warrants further investigation, as this combination could significantly enhance the realism and emotional impact of immersive environments.

    Finally, the impact of scent on collaboration performance in virtual environments (Suh, 2024) is an area that requires more attention. Understanding how scent can influence team dynamics and communication could lead to the development of more effective collaborative VR and streaming platforms.

    The use of scent to enhance immersion in virtual reality, streaming, and broadcasting environments shows considerable promise. While technological advancements have made more sophisticated scent delivery systems possible, further research is needed to fully understand the complex interplay between olfactory stimuli, other sensory inputs, and user experience. Careful consideration of scent selection, congruency, intensity, and synchronization with other media elements is crucial for creating positive and effective immersive experiences. By addressing the existing research gaps and technological challenges, the integration of scent could transform how we interact with and experience immersive media in the future. The potential for creating more realistic, emotionally resonant, and engaging experiences across various media platforms is substantial, promising a richer and more immersive future for VR, streaming, and broadcasting.

    References

    1. Silva, M., Sanches, I. H., Borba, J. V. B., Barros, A. C. D. A., Feitosa, F. L., Carvalho, R. M. D., Filho, A. R. G., & Andrade, C. (2024). Elevating virtual reality experiences with olfactory integration: a preliminary review. Journal of the Brazilian Computer Society. https://doi.org/10.5753/jbcs.2024.4632
    2. Flavin, C., IbezSnchez, S., & Ors, C. (2020). The influence of scent on virtual reality experiences: the role of aroma-content congruence. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2020.09.036
    3. Brengman, M., Willems, K., & Gauquier, L. D. (2022). Customer engagement in multi-sensory virtual reality advertising: the effect of sound and scent congruence. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.747456
    5. Cowan, K., Ketron, S., Kostyk, A., & Kristofferson, K. (2023). Can you smell the (virtual) roses? the influence of olfactory cues in virtual reality on immersion and positive brand responses. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretai.2023.07.004
    6. Garca-Ruiz, M. .., Kapralos, B., & RebolledoMendez, G. (2021). An overview of olfactory displays in education and training. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/mti5100064
    7. Edwards, H. & Sessoms, P. (2013). Design and integration of a scent delivery system in the computer assisted rehabilitation environment (caren). None. https://doi.org/10.21236/ada618141
    8. Svenson, K. A., Kass, S. J., & Blalock, L. D. (2024). Smelling what you see in virtual reality: impacts on mood, memory, and anxiety. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. https://doi.org/10.1177/107118132412606669.
    9. Spence, C. (2020). Scent and the cinema. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041669520969710
    10. Javerliat, C., Elst, P., Saive, A., Baert, P., & Lavou, G. (2022). Nebula: an affordable open-source and autonomous olfactory display for vr headsets. None. https://doi.org/10.1145/3562939.3565617
    11. Yang, P., Shi, Y., Tao, X., Liu, Z., Li, S., Chen, X., & Wang, Z. L. (2022). Selfpowered virtual olfactory generation system based on bionic fibrous membrane and electrostatic field accelerated evaporation. Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/eom2.12298
    12. Niedenthal, S., Fredborg, W., Lundn, P., Ehrndal, M., & Olofsson, J. (2022). A graspable olfactory display for virtual reality. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2022.102928
    13. Washburn, D. & Jones, L. (2004). Could olfactory displays improve data visualization?. None. https://doi.org/10.1109/MCSE.2004.66
    14. Marfil, D., Boronat, F., Gonzlez, J., & Sapena, A. (2022). Integration of multisensorial effects in synchronised immersive hybrid tv scenarios. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3194170
    15. Marfil, D., Boronat, F., Gonzlez, J., & Sapena, A. (NaN). Integration of multisensorial effects in synchronised immersive hybrid tv scenarios. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/access.2022.3194170
    16. Persky, S. & Dolwick, A. P. (2020). Olfactory perception and presence in a virtual reality food environment. Frontiers Media. https://doi.org/10.3389/frvir.2020.571812
    17. Hammami, H. (2024). Exploring the mediating role of user engagement in the relationship between immersive experiences and user satisfaction in virtual reality gaming. International Review of Management and Marketing. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.17343
    18. Andonova, V., Reinoso-Carvalho, F., Ramirez, M. A. J., & Carrasquilla, D. (2023). Does multisensory stimulation with virtual reality (vr) and smell improve learning? an educational experience in recall and creativity. Frontiers in Psychology. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1176697
    19. Xia, X., Li, N., & Zhang, J. (2024). The influence of an immersive multisensory virtual reality system with integrated thermal and scent devices on individuals emotional responses in an evacuation experiment. None. https://doi.org/10.22260/isarc2024/0071
    20. Flynn, A., Brennan, A., Barry, M., Redfern, S., & Casey, D. (2024). Social connectedness and the role of virtual reality: experiences and perceptions of people living with dementia and their caregivers.. None. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2024.2310262
    21. Sanchez, D. R., Mcveigh-Schultz, J., Isbister, K., Tran, M., Martinez, K., Dost, M., Osborne, A., Diaz, D., Farillas, P., Lang, T., Leeds, A., Butler, G., & Ferronatto, M. (2024). Virtual reality pursuit: using individual predispositions towards vr to understand perceptions of a virtualized workplace team experience. Virtual Worlds. https://doi.org/10.3390/virtualworlds3040023
    22. Wang, Q. J., Escobar, F. B., Mota, P. A. D., & Velasco, C. (2021). Getting started with virtual reality for sensory and consumer science: current practices and future perspectives. Elsevier BV. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110410
    23. Luhaybi, A. A., Alqurashi, F., Tsaramirsis, G., & Buhari, S. M. (2019). Automatic association of scents based on visual content. Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute. https://doi.org/10.3390/app9081697
    24. Li, J., Wang, Y., Gong, H., & Cui, Z. (2023). Awakenflora: exploring proactive smell experience in virtual reality through mid-air gestures. ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. https://doi.org/10.1145/3586182.3616667
    25. Gougeh, R. A. & Falk, T. (2023). Enhancing motor imagery detection efficacy using multisensory virtual reality priming. Frontiers in Neuroergonomics. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnrgo.2023.1080200
    26. Saleme, E. B., Covaci, A., Mesfin, G., Santos, C. A. S., & Ghinea, G. (2019). Mulsemedia diy: a survey of devices and a tutorial for building your own mulsemedia environment. Association for Computing Machinery. https://doi.org/10.1145/3319853
    27. Suh, A. (2024). How virtual reality influences collaboration performance: ateam-level analysis. None. https://doi.org/10.1108/itp-10-2023-1040

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  • A Comprehensive Analysis of Changes in Video and Broadcast Distribution and Production

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    Research Ideas at the end of the literature review

    SVOD, VOD, FAST, and Other Video Distribution Systems: A Comprehensive Analysis of Changes in Video and Broadcast Distribution and Production

    Introduction

    The landscape of video and broadcast distribution has undergone a dramatic transformation in recent years, driven by technological advancements and evolving consumer preferences. This shift has led to the emergence of new video distribution systems, including Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD), Video on Demand (VOD), and Free Ad-supported Streaming Television (FAST), alongside the continued evolution of traditional broadcasting methods. This analysis examines these systems, exploring their impact on both video distribution and production practices.

    Subscription Video on Demand (SVOD)

    SVOD services, epitomized by Netflix, represent a significant departure from traditional broadcasting models (Lobato, 2017). These platforms offer a vast library of content, accessible on demand for a recurring subscription fee (Vacas-Aguilar, 2021). The success of SVOD hinges on several key factors. First, the availability of high-speed internet access has enabled the widespread adoption of streaming technology (Loebbecke, NaN). Second, the ability to binge-watch entire series at one’s own pace has fundamentally altered viewing habits (Boca, 2019), (Zndel, NaN). Third, SVOD providers have invested heavily in original content, creating exclusive programming that attracts and retains subscribers (Iordache, 2021), (Iordache, 2022). This investment in original content has had a profound impact on the television industry, changing production strategies and forcing traditional broadcasters to adapt (Llamas-Rodriguez, 2020). The international expansion of SVOD platforms like Netflix has also impacted national distribution ecosystems, creating both opportunities and challenges for local producers (Papadimitriou, 2020). Furthermore, SVOD services are increasingly leveraging AI and machine learning to enhance content quality, personalize recommendations, and optimize streaming efficiency (Mrak, 2019), (Khandelwal, 2023). However, the dominance of US platforms in many international markets raises concerns about content diversity and the potential marginalization of local productions (Iordache, 2021). The financial strategies employed by major SVOD players, including their approach to content acquisition and spending, have also undergone significant shifts, particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic (Das, 2024).

    Video on Demand (VOD)

    VOD services offer a broader range of content access models compared to SVOD. While some VOD platforms operate on a transactional basis, charging per view, others offer subscription-based access to a curated library of content (Loebbecke, NaN). The rise of VOD, along with SVOD, has significantly altered the television series industry, impacting production, distribution, and consumption patterns (Boca, 2019). The evolution of VOD is closely tied to technological advancements in broadband connectivity and storage capacities (Loebbecke, NaN). Early attempts to introduce interactive and on-demand services, though not always commercially successful, paved the way for the widespread adoption of VOD platforms (Loebbecke, NaN). The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated the shift towards subscription payment models in the VOD market, further highlighting the evolving dynamics of this sector (Mitrov, 2020). VOD services, like SVOD, also face challenges related to content diversity and the potential dominance of larger, international platforms (Kotlinska, 2024). The impact of VOD on the audiovisual industry’s business model is significant, requiring content creators and distributors to adapt to new media consumption trends and optimize recommendation algorithms (Kotlinska, 2024).

    Free Ad-supported Streaming Television (FAST)

    FAST channels provide free access to streaming television content, supported by advertising revenue (Herbert, 2018). This model represents a hybrid approach, combining elements of traditional broadcasting (linear programming) with the on-demand accessibility of streaming services (Herbert, 2018). The emergence of FAST channels has broadened access to streaming content, particularly for viewers who may be unwilling or unable to pay for subscription services (Herbert, 2018). FAST channels often provide curated content, focusing on specific genres or demographics (Herbert, 2018). The advertising model, however, presents challenges in terms of revenue generation and the potential for intrusive advertising experiences. The impact of FAST services on traditional broadcast models is still developing, but their increasing popularity suggests a significant shift in how viewers consume free television content (Herbert, 2018). The business models of FAST channels are still evolving, and further research is needed to understand their long-term sustainability and impact on the broader video distribution landscape (Herbert, 2018).

    Other Video Distribution Systems

    Beyond SVOD, VOD, and FAST, several other video distribution systems are emerging and evolving. These include:

    Live Streaming Services (SLSSs): These platforms enable real-time broadcasting of video content, often with interactive elements (Fietkiewicz, NaN). SLSSs have transformed information production and consumption patterns, allowing for more interactive and synchronous viewer engagement (Fietkiewicz, NaN). The motivational factors for both streamers and viewers are diverse and influence production and distribution strategies (Fietkiewicz, NaN). The commercial use of live streaming is also growing, adding another layer to the evolving video distribution landscape (Fietkiewicz, NaN).

    Mobile Video on Demand (VoD): The proliferation of smartphones and improved mobile network technologies has fueled the growth of mobile VoD services (Dyaberi, 2010). Challenges remain in terms of offloading video data from congested networks and optimizing delivery for different network conditions (Dyaberi, 2010). Dynamic pricing strategies may also play a role in enhancing the consumer experience and optimizing network resource use (Dyaberi, 2010).

    Traditional Broadcasting: While facing significant competition from streaming services, traditional broadcasting continues to evolve. The transition from analogue to digital terrestrial television has transformed broadcasting in many regions (Given, 2016). Broadcasters are adapting by offering online content and incorporating new technologies like AI to enhance production efficiency (Mrak, 2019). However, challenges remain in terms of audience measurement and adapting to changing viewing habits (Given, 2016).

    Changes in Video Production

    The shift towards streaming has profoundly impacted video production practices. The rise of SVOD has led to increased investment in original content, particularly in genres like scripted series and documentaries (Iordache, 2021), (Iordache, 2022). This has spurred innovation in production techniques, storytelling, and creative approaches (Iordache, 2021). The demand for high-quality video content, especially in formats like 360 VR video, presents technical challenges related to production and distribution (Khan, NaN). AI and machine learning are also transforming production efficiency, enabling cost-effective restoration of historical content and automating traditional tasks (Mrak, 2019). The increasing involvement of AI in production, however, raises concerns about bias and ethical considerations (Khandelwal, 2023). The COVID-19 pandemic significantly disrupted production schedules and workflows, forcing adaptations in remote production techniques and impacting content output (Mitrov, 2020), (Das, 2024). In addition, the shift toward streaming has also impacted the role of paratexts in television, with elements like episodic recaps being reworked or omitted to facilitate binge-watching (Zndel, NaN). The production of content for specific platforms, such as the creation of original French-language series for Canadian SVOD services (Boisvert, 2024), highlights the need to consider local audience demands and cultural contexts.

    Changes in Broadcast Distribution

    The transition from traditional broadcasting to streaming has fundamentally altered distribution methods. The rise of SVOD, VOD, and FAST channels has created a highly competitive market, forcing traditional broadcasters to adapt their strategies (Vacas-Aguilar, 2021), (Loebbecke, NaN). The shift from linear programming to on-demand access has significantly impacted viewing habits and audience engagement (Boca, 2019), (Zndel, NaN). The distribution of content across multiple platforms, including social media, has added complexity to distribution strategies (Mackay, 2017). The increasing reliance on digital distribution channels has also raised concerns about content security and piracy (Stolikj, NaN). The global reach of streaming platforms has blurred geographical boundaries, impacting the flow of international television programs and creating both opportunities and challenges for local producers and broadcasters (Lobato, 2017), (Papadimitriou, 2020), (Evans, 2016). The regulatory landscape surrounding digital platforms and content distribution is also evolving, raising questions about the role of government intervention in managing the digital media market (Winseck, 2021). Furthermore, the technical challenges related to delivering high-quality video content over diverse network conditions continue to drive innovation in distribution technologies (Dimopoulos, 2016), (Zhang, 2018).

    Challenges and Future Directions

    The transition to new video distribution systems presents numerous challenges. These include:

    • Content Diversity and Local Production: The dominance of large international platforms raises concerns about the potential marginalization of local productions and the homogenization of content (Iordache, 2021), (Milosavljevic, 2024).
    • Content Security and Piracy: The ease of accessing and sharing digital content online has led to increased piracy, posing significant challenges for content creators and distributors (Stolikj, NaN).
    • Regulation and Governance: The rapid evolution of digital platforms necessitates ongoing discussions about the appropriate regulatory frameworks for managing content distribution and protecting consumer interests (Winseck, 2021).
    • Technological Advancements: Keeping pace with technological advancements in areas like AI, VR, and mobile technologies requires continuous innovation in production and distribution techniques (Mrak, 2019), (Khan, NaN), (Dyaberi, 2010).
    • Financial Sustainability: The business models of various video distribution systems are still evolving, and the long-term financial sustainability of some models, particularly FAST channels, remains uncertain (Das, 2024), (Herbert, 2018).
    • Library Access: Libraries face challenges in providing access to consumer-licensed multimedia content due to digital rights management and the limitations of proprietary streaming services (Cross, NaN).

      The future of video and broadcast distribution will likely involve a continued convergence of traditional and new technologies, with a greater emphasis on personalized experiences, interactive content, and innovative business models. Further research is needed to fully understand the long-term impact of these changes on the media landscape, including their effects on content production, distribution strategies, audience engagement, and the broader cultural implications of media consumption (Herbert, 2018), (Boisvert, 2024). The ongoing interplay between technological advancements, evolving consumer preferences, and regulatory frameworks will shape the future of video distribution for years to come. The role of AI and machine learning in enhancing video quality, personalizing recommendations, and optimizing streaming efficiency will only increase in importance (Mrak, 2019), (Khandelwal, 2023). The development of new technologies, such as those related to 360 VR video streaming, will also continue to transform the production and consumption of video content (Khan, NaN). Moreover, the continued growth of mobile video consumption and the challenges associated with offloading video data from congested networks will necessitate further innovation in mobile video distribution strategies (Dyaberi, 2010). Finally, the evolving relationship between traditional broadcasters, streaming platforms, and libraries will significantly shape how video content is accessed and consumed in the future (Cross, NaN), (Given, 2016). The integration of sustainable practices into audiovisual production will also become increasingly important (Kotlinska, 2024), reflecting a growing awareness of environmental and social responsibilities within the media industry. The evolution of video and broadcast distribution is a complex and dynamic process. The emergence of SVOD, VOD, FAST, and other video distribution systems has fundamentally reshaped how video content is produced, distributed, and consumed. While these changes have brought numerous benefits, including increased access to content and personalized viewing experiences, they also present significant challenges related to content diversity, security, regulation, and financial sustainability. Understanding these challenges and adapting to the ongoing changes in the media landscape will be crucial for ensuring the continued success and evolution of the video industry. The integration of technological advancements, evolving consumer preferences, and adaptable business models will define the future of video distribution.

    Research Gaps and Suggestions for Research

    Research Gap 1: Longitudinal Impact of SVOD on National Audiovisual Ecosystems

    While several papers examine the immediate impact of SVOD platforms (like Netflix) on national audiovisual markets (Lobato, 2017), (Papadimitriou, 2020), (Iordache, 2021), (Iordache, 2021), a longitudinal study is needed. This research should track the long-term effects of SVOD on local production, distribution channels, and audience consumption habits across various countries. It would be beneficial to compare countries with differing levels of media market maturity and regulatory environments to analyze the diverse impacts of SVOD’s global presence. The study should utilize mixed methods, combining quantitative data on market shares and production volumes with qualitative data from interviews with industry stakeholders and audience surveys.

    Research Gap 2: Comparative Analysis of FAST Channel Business Models and Sustainability

    The emergence of FAST channels presents a new hybrid model in video distribution (Fietkiewicz, NaN). However, the long-term financial sustainability of these ad-supported platforms remains uncertain (Vacas-Aguilar, 2021). A comparative analysis of diverse FAST channel business models is needed, examining their revenue streams, cost structures, and audience engagement strategies. The research should assess the effectiveness of different advertising strategies and explore the potential for diversification into subscription models or other revenue streams. Furthermore, the study should analyze the impact of FAST channels on traditional broadcasting and SVOD services, considering the potential for competition and collaboration.

    Research Gap 3: The Role of Paratexts in Streaming Platforms and Viewer Engagement

    The impact of streaming platforms on traditional television viewing habits is well-documented (Zndel, NaN), (Lobato, 2017), but further research is needed to understand the role of paratexts (e.g., episodic recaps, opening credits) in shaping viewer experience. A comparative analysis of how different streaming services utilize (or omit) paratexts, and their effect on binge-watching behaviors and audience engagement, is crucial. The study should explore whether the absence of traditional paratexts leads to altered narrative comprehension and emotional responses among viewers. Qualitative methods, including user interviews and focus groups, could provide valuable insights into viewer perceptions and experiences.

    Research Gap 4: The Impact of AI on Content Diversity and Representation in Streaming Services

    While the use of AI in SVOD platforms for personalized recommendations and content optimization is discussed (Khandelwal, 2023), (Kotlinska, 2024), a critical examination of AI’s impact on content diversity and representation is lacking. Research is needed to investigate whether algorithmic biases in recommendation systems lead to the underrepresentation of certain genres, creators, or cultural perspectives. This research should analyze the algorithms used by various streaming services and assess their impact on content visibility and audience exposure to diverse voices. The study should also consider the ethical implications of AI-driven content curation and explore methods for mitigating algorithmic bias.

    Research Gap 5: Cross-Cultural Study of Audience Preferences and Consumption Patterns in SVOD

    Existing research often focuses on specific national contexts or regions (Papadimitriou, 2020), (Given, 2016), (Milosavljevic, 2024) but lacks a comprehensive cross-cultural comparison of audience preferences and consumption patterns in SVOD. A study comparing audiences across different cultural contexts, considering factors such as language, cultural values, and media consumption habits, is needed. This research should investigate how cultural factors influence the appeal of different genres, original programming, and overall platform usage. Qualitative methods, such as audience surveys and interviews, would be particularly valuable in understanding the nuanced cultural influences on SVOD consumption.

    Research Gap 6: The Impact of Mobile Video on Demand on Network Infrastructure

    The growth of mobile VoD is closely linked to advancements in smartphone technology and wireless networks (Dyaberi, 2010). However, a deeper understanding of its impact on network infrastructure is required. A study focusing on network congestion, resource allocation, and the effectiveness of different offloading strategies (e.g., using Wi-Fi) is needed. The research should analyze the relationship between network performance, video quality, and user experience in mobile VoD. Quantitative data on network traffic, bandwidth utilization, and user engagement metrics would be essential for this analysis.

    Research Gap 7: Comparative Study of Investment Strategies in Original Content Across Streaming Services

    While some papers analyze investment strategies of specific platforms (Vacas-Aguilar, 2021), (Iordache, 2021), (Iordache, 2022), (Iordache, 2021), a comprehensive comparative study analyzing original content investment strategies across different SVOD and VOD platforms is needed. This research should compare investment patterns in terms of genre, budget, production location, and target audiences. The study should analyze the factors driving investment decisions and assess their impact on platform success and content diversity. Quantitative data on investment amounts, production costs, and audience engagement metrics would be crucial.

    Research Gap 8: The Influence of Streaming Services on Local Cultural Identity

    The global reach of streaming platforms has blurred geographical boundaries and impacted the flow of international television programs (Papadimitriou, 2020), (Given, 2016), (Llamas-Rodriguez, 2020). However, a deeper exploration of the influence of streaming services on local cultural identity is needed. A comparative study focusing on the impact of streaming on local content production, cultural representation, and audience perceptions is needed. The research should investigate how streaming platforms balance global reach with local cultural relevance and consider the potential for cultural homogenization or the preservation of local cultural identities. Qualitative methods, such as interviews with filmmakers and audiences, would be crucial in understanding the subtle impacts on cultural identity.

    Research Gap 9: The Legal and Ethical Implications of AI in Video Production and Distribution

    The increasing use of AI in video production and distribution , (Khandelwal, 2023) raises significant legal and ethical questions. Research is needed to explore issues such as algorithmic bias, copyright infringement, and data privacy. The study should examine the existing legal frameworks and regulatory mechanisms related to AI in the media industry and assess their adequacy in addressing the emerging challenges. It should also consider the ethical implications of AI-driven decision-making in content creation and distribution and propose guidelines for responsible AI development and implementation.

    Research Gap 10: The Future of Libraries in the Streaming Era

    Libraries face significant challenges in providing access to consumer-licensed multimedia content (Cross, NaN). A study exploring the evolving role of libraries in the streaming era is needed. This research should investigate innovative approaches to providing access to digital media, considering factors such as licensing agreements, digital rights management, and the integration of streaming services into library collections. The study should explore potential partnerships between libraries and streaming platforms and propose strategies for ensuring equitable access to digital content for all library patrons. The study should also consider the implications for library services, staffing, and resource allocation.

    This outline of research gaps and suggestions aims to stimulate further inquiry into the evolving landscape of video distribution. Addressing these gaps will significantly enhance our understanding of the complex interplay between technology, culture, and the business of video.

    References

    1. Lobato, R. (2017). Rethinking international tv flows research in the age of netflix. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1527476417708245
    2. Vacas-Aguilar, F. (2021). El mercado del vdeo en streaming: un anlisis de la estrategia de disney+. El Profesional de la Informacion. https://doi.org/10.3145/EPI.2021.JUL.13
    3. Loebbecke, C. (NaN). Video content services as a transforming industry.
    4. Boca, P. (2019). Good things some to those who binge: an exploration of binge-watching related behavior. Babe-Bolyai University. https://doi.org/10.24193/jmr.34.1
    5. Zndel, J. (NaN). Serial skipper: netflix, binge-watching and the role of paratexts in old and new televisions.
    6. Iordache, C., Raats, T., & Afilipoaie, A. (2021). Transnationalisation revisited through the netflix original: an analysis of investment strategies in europe. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565211047344
    7. Iordache, C., Raats, T., & Mombaerts, S. (2022). The netflix original documentary, explained: global investment patterns in documentary films and series. Taylor & Francis. https://doi.org/10.1080/17503280.2022.2109099
    8. Llamas-Rodriguez, J. (2020). Luis miguel: la serie, class-based collective memory, and streaming television in mexico. None. https://doi.org/10.1353/cj.2020.0035
    9. Papadimitriou, L. (2020). Digital film and television distribution in greece: between crisis and opportunity. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-44850-9_10
    10. Mrak, M. (2019). Ai gets creative. None. https://doi.org/10.1145/3347449.3357490
    11. Khandelwal, K. (2023). A study to know – use of ai for personalized recommendation, streaming optimization, and original content production at netflix. International journal of scientific research and engineering trends. https://doi.org/10.61137/ijsret.vol.9.issue6.119
    12. Iordache, C. (2021). Netflix in europe: four markets, four platforms? a comparative analysis of audio-visual offerings and investment strategies in four eu states. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/15274764211014580
    13. Das, J. H. (2024). Lights, camera, capital: analyzing financial tactics in the streaming entertainment landscape. International Journal of Science and Research Archive. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2024.11.1.0190
    14. Mitrov, H. (2020). Television market development during the covid-19 pandemic. None. https://doi.org/10.32839/2304-5809/2020-10-86-9
    15. Kotlinska, M. (2024). The influence of digital transformation on the evolution of the audiovisual industry. EUROPEAN RESEARCH STUDIES JOURNAL. https://doi.org/10.35808/ersj/3702
    16. Herbert, D., Lotz, A. D., & Marshall, L. (2018). Approaching media industries comparatively: a case study of streaming. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1367877918813245
    17. Fietkiewicz, K. & Zimmer, F. (NaN). Introduction to the live streaming services minitrack. None. https://doi.org/None
    18. Dyaberi, J. M., Kannan, K. N., Pai, V. S., Chen, Y., Jana, R., Stern, D., & Wei, B. (2010). Scholastic streaming: rethinking mobile video-on-demand in a campus environment. None. https://doi.org/10.1145/1878022.1878035
    19. Given, J. (2016). There will still be television but i dont know what it will be called!: narrating the end of television in australia and new zealand. Cogitatio. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v4i3.561
    20. Khan, K. (NaN). Advancements and challenges in 360 virtual reality video streaming: a comprehensive review of cloud-based solutions. International journal of advanced networking and applications. https://doi.org/10.35444/ijana.2024.15408
    21. Boisvert, S. (2024). Streaming diversit: exploring representations within french-language scripted series on canadian svod services. None. https://doi.org/10.1177/13548565241270691
    22. Mackay, H. (2017). Social media analytics: implications for journalism and democracy 1. None. https://doi.org/None
    23. Stolikj, M., Jarnikov, D., & Wajs, A. (NaN). Artificial intelligence in media making security smarter. None. https://doi.org/None
    24. Evans, E., McDonald, P., Bae, J., Ray, S., & Santos, E. (2016). Universal ideals in local realities. SAGE Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354856516641629
    25. Winseck, D. (2021). Growth and upheaval in the network media economy in canada, 1984-2020. None. https://doi.org/10.22215/gmicp/2021.1
    26. Dimopoulos, G., Leontiadis, I., Barlet-Ros, P., & Papagiannaki, K. (2016). Measuring video qoe from encrypted traffic. ACM/SIGCOMM Internet Measurement Conference. https://doi.org/10.1145/2987443.2987459
    27. Zhang, B., Jin, X., Ratnasamy, S., Wawrzynek, J., & Lee, E. A. (2018). Awstream. None. https://doi.org/10.1145/3230543.3230554
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  • Quick Comparison Belgian, German and Dutch Top 2000 ( top 20)

    Quick Comparison Belgian, German and Dutch Top 2000 ( top 20)

    top 2000

    1. Artists

    • Common Artists Across Countries:
    • Queen appears consistently at the top in all three countries with “Bohemian Rhapsody” as a leading song.
    • Other recurring artists include Eagles, Led Zeppelin, Metallica, and Pink Floyd.
    • Country-Specific Artists:
    • Netherlands: Dutch artists like Boudewijn de Groot (“Avond”) and Golden Earring (“Radar Love”) are prominent.
    • Germany: German artists such as Disturbed (“The Sound of Silence”) and City (“Am Fenster”) feature prominently.
    • Belgium: Belgian artists like Will Tura (“Eenzaam zonder jou”) and Gorky (“Mia”) are highlighted.

    2. Genres

    • Dominant Genres:
    • Rock dominates across all three charts, with subgenres like symphonic rock (e.g., Pink Floyd) and hard rock (e.g., AC/DC) appearing frequently.
    • Pop is also significant, with artists like Eagles and Billy Joel appearing in all three lists.
    • Unique Genres:
    • In the Netherlands, heavy metal (e.g., Metallica) has a notable presence.
    • Belgium includes unique genres like Schlager (e.g., Will Sommers’ “Laat de zon in je hart”).
    • Germany features progressive rock (e.g., Pink Floyd’s “Wish You Were Here”).

    3. Songs

    • Shared Songs:
    • “Bohemian Rhapsody” by Queen is the top song in all three countries.
    • Other shared songs include “Hotel California” (Eagles), “Stairway to Heaven” (Led Zeppelin), and “Child in Time” (Deep Purple).
    • Country-Specific Songs:
    • Netherlands: Dutch classics like “Avond” by Boudewijn de Groot.
    • Germany: Regional hits like “Palzlied” by Anonyme.
    • Belgium: Local favorites such as “Eenzaam zonder jou” by Will Tura.

    4. Country Representation

    • UK Artists Dominate:
    • UK-based artists make up a significant portion of the top entries in all three charts.
    • Local Representation:
    • The Netherlands showcases Dutch artists like Danny Vera and Golden Earring.
    • Germany highlights German artists such as Lindenberg and City.
    • Belgium features Belgian artists like Will Tura and Gorky.

    Summary Table

    AspectNetherlandsGermanyBelgium
    Top SongBohemian Rhapsody (Queen)Bohemian Rhapsody (Queen)Bohemian Rhapsody (Queen)
    Top Artist(s)Queen, Eagles, Boudewijn de GrootQueen, Disturbed, Pink FloydQueen, Will Tura, Gorky
    GenresRock, Pop, Heavy MetalRock, Pop, Progressive RockRock, Pop, Schlager
    Local ArtistsBoudewijn de Groot, Golden EarringDisturbed, CityWill Tura, Gorky

    This comparison highlights both the shared musical tastes across these countries and their unique cultural preferences.

    Sources
    [1] TOP-2000-2023-NEDERLAND.xlsx https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/18832810/890dc41a-3bfc-4c8a-b5d3-fb1e7c603283/TOP-2000-2023-NEDERLAND.xlsx
    [2] Top-200O-Germany.xlsx https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/18832810/7be583fb-3fd0-43a7-b7de-fef3861b385b/Top-200O-Germany.xlsx
    [3] top-2000-Belgium-2023.xlsx https://ppl-ai-file-upload.s3.amazonaws.com/web/direct-files/18832810/c2a124ef-3c43-4f88-b21b-6ca9f83753f1/top-2000-Belgium-2024.xlsx

  • Top 2000 over the years

    A Literature Review on Radio and Media: Exploring Cultural Practices, Listenership, and the Evolution of Sound Technologies

    admin

    This literature review examines the multifaceted relationship between radio and media, drawing upon a range of scholarly works to explore the impact of sound technologies on cultural practices, audience engagement, and the evolving landscape of radio broadcasting. The review will analyze the interplay between technological advancements and cultural shifts in music consumption and production, focusing on the role of nostalgia, collective memory, and the evolving definitions of active and passive participation in music culture.

    The Impact of Sound Technologies on Cultural Practices

    The digitalization of music has profoundly reshaped cultural practices related to music listening and production in Western Europe since World War II  This transformation is not merely a technological shift, but a complex interplay between technological innovation and the appropriation of those technologies within existing cultural frameworks. Scholars have utilized the “analogies-of-cultural-practices” approach to understand how new technologies are integrated into established habits  This approach highlights how the reel-to-reel recorder, for example, served as a bridge between older forms of music production and the digital era  Furthermore, the study of the Dutch Top 2000 radio project demonstrates how a seemingly simple radio program can become a complex cultural event, intertwined with storytelling, collective memory, and multi-modal media participation , (Tresonie, n.d.). The integration of storytelling into the Top 2000, for instance, demonstrates how listeners actively engage with the program beyond simply listening  The project highlights that the boundaries between active and passive participation are fluid and influenced by technological advancements  The rise of music mixing and remixing, exemplified by mixtaping and online communities like ccMixter, further illustrates the evolving roles of participants in shaping music culture  These practices demonstrate a shift from passive consumption to active creation and participation, enabled by technological advancements.

    The study of these evolving cultural practices is not limited to academic research. The authors of one study mention contributing to articles in various newspapers and radio shows, demonstrating the practical relevance of their research for media outlets  Moreover, their work has even extended to consulting on product development, suggesting a broader impact beyond theoretical analysis  This highlights the practical implications of understanding the complex relationship between technology and cultural practices within the radio and media landscape. The integration of theoretical frameworks with practical applications underscores the importance of interdisciplinary approaches to studying radio and media.

    The evolution of listening habits also reveals the changing relationship between listeners and radio. Philomeen Lelieveldt’s research on Dutch public radio stations highlights the shift towards secondary listening (listening while engaged in other activities) and the challenges faced by classical and contemporary art music programs ,  The increasing prevalence of secondary listening, coupled with budget cuts for classical music programs, necessitates a deeper understanding of the various functions of radio and the complexities of listening ,  Lelieveldt’s work suggests that policymakers need to move beyond simplistic distinctions between primary, secondary, and non-listening to develop effective policies for supporting diverse programming ,  This underscores the need for nuanced analyses of audience behavior and the evolving roles of public broadcasting in the digital age.

    The Top 2000: A Case Study in Collective Memory and Nostalgia

    The Dutch Top 2000 exemplifies the intersection of radio broadcasting, nostalgia, and cultural memory (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.). This annual countdown of the most popular songs, as voted by listeners, has become a significant cultural event, transcending its initial format as a simple radio broadcast (Tresonie, n.d.). The Top 2000 leverages nostalgia to create a shared experience, evoking memories and emotions linked to past musical experiences (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.). The event fosters a sense of community, albeit an imagined one, uniting listeners through shared musical preferences (Tresonie, n.d.). The Top 2000 functions as a medium for collective memory, shaping listeners’ identities and shared experiences (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.). This collective memory is further reinforced by the involvement of institutions like the Beeld en Geluid Archive, which stores broadcasts and houses the annual Top 2000 Caf, solidifying the event’s status as a cultural memorial (Tresonie, n.d.).

    The Top 2000’s success is not solely attributable to nostalgia, but also to its multi-modal approach, incorporating social media, live events, and television broadcasts (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.). This cross-media strategy expands the event’s reach and engagement, creating a more immersive and participatory experience for listeners (Tresonie, n.d.). The event’s ability to adapt to changing media landscapes demonstrates its resilience and enduring appeal. The paper by Madelief Tresonie provides a detailed analysis of the Top 2000, examining its role in shaping collective memory and identity, highlighting the dynamic relationship between media and cultural practices (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.). Tresonie’s research also explores the concept of a “continuing scene,” where the radio DJs and television presenters maintain continuity, while the voters represent a more fluid group, contributing to the event’s unique character year after year (Tresonie, n.d.). This highlights the dynamic nature of community building within the context of media events.

    The Top 2000’s longevity is also linked to its role as a “canon” of popular music (Tresonie, n.d.). This implies a continuous process of negotiation and debate about what should be remembered and celebrated (Tresonie, n.d.). The annual event becomes a space for re-evaluating musical heritage, reflecting changing tastes and social values. The Top 2000’s ability to adapt to changing trends, while still retaining its core elements, is crucial to its continued success (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.). The incorporation of new songs and artists, while simultaneously celebrating classic hits, allows the Top 2000 to remain relevant across generations.

    Furthermore, the Top 2000’s success is influenced by the interplay between individual and collective memory. While individual listeners have personal associations with songs, the collective act of voting and listening creates a shared cultural experience (Tresonie, n.d.), (Tresonie, n.d.). This shared experience is further reinforced by the media’s role in broadcasting and archiving the event, creating a lasting record of the nation’s musical preferences. The Top 2000 thus provides a unique window into the construction of collective memory, illustrating how media can shape and reflect cultural values. The research on the Top 2000 shows how a seemingly simple radio program can have a profound impact on the cultural landscape, demonstrating the power of radio to shape collective memory and identity.

    The Role of Age and Nostalgia in Music Popularity

    Elmer Sterken’s analysis of the Dutch Radio2 Top2000 chart from 1999 to 2013 reveals the complex interplay between age, nostalgia, and collective memory in shaping music popularity (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.). Sterken’s research demonstrates that older songs can experience a resurgence in popularity due to nostalgic feelings, countering the effects of potential collective memory loss (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.). The study highlights the importance of factors such as the superstar status of the performing artist, the length of the song, and the initial ranking (debut rank) in determining a song’s longevity (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.). These findings suggest that the popularity of a song is not solely determined by its age, but by a complex interplay of factors that include both objective and subjective elements. This includes the cultural context of the song’s creation and the listeners’ emotional connections to the music.

    The concept of nostalgia plays a crucial role in understanding the enduring appeal of older songs (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.). Nostalgia, often associated with positive feelings, can be powerfully triggered by music, leading to increased appreciation and popularity for songs that evoke memories of a particular time period or life event (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.). Sterken’s research suggests that nostalgia can act as a counterweight to the potential decline in popularity associated with the aging of a song. This implies that the relationship between age and popularity is not linear, but rather influenced by other emotional and cultural factors.

    The superstar status of the performing artist is another significant predictor of a song’s lifespan in the chart (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.), (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.). This suggests that the fame and cultural impact of the artist can contribute to the sustained popularity of their songs over time. The initial ranking (debut rank) also plays a crucial role in determining a song’s trajectory in the chart (Elmer.Sterken, n.d.). This highlights the importance of early exposure and initial reception in shaping a song’s long-term popularity. The findings of Sterken’s study provide a valuable framework for understanding the dynamic relationship between age, nostalgia, and collective memory in shaping musical preferences.

    Radio Listenership and Market Dynamics in the Netherlands

    Recent data from the NMO Luisteronderzoek provides valuable insights into the current state of the Dutch radio market  Radio 10 emerged as the leading radio station in the Netherlands, with a market share of 14.8%  NPO Radio 2 and Qmusic followed as the second and third most popular stations  The increased airing of Christmas music, particularly by Radio 10 and Sky Radio, had a noticeable impact on listenership, demonstrating the influence of seasonal programming on listener demographics and preferences  The use of the MediaCell+ app for measuring listening behavior marks a significant improvement in data accuracy compared to previous methods  This improved methodology offers a more precise understanding of actual listening habits, providing valuable data for market analysis.

    The NMO Luisteronderzoek’s comprehensive approach, involving over 80 radio stations, offers a broad perspective on the radio market landscape  This data is crucial for understanding market trends, identifying key players, and analyzing the competitive dynamics within the Dutch radio industry. The data highlights the dynamic nature of the radio market, with shifts in market share reflecting the changing preferences of listeners and the strategic decisions of broadcasting companies. The data further illustrates the importance of accurate and timely measurement of radio listenership in understanding audience behavior and market trends 

    The Top 2000 event significantly impacted listenership numbers, showcasing its cultural importance  NPO Radio 2 achieved a historic listening share of 48.1% in the 25-67 age demographic during the Top 2000 broadcasts, attracting over 7.1 million listeners ,  The event’s success extended to television broadcasts, with nearly 8 million viewers tuning in  This highlights the event’s capacity to engage a large and diverse audience across multiple media platforms. The Top 2000’s influence on listenership extends beyond NPO Radio 2, with other stations experiencing shifts in market share during this period ,  This underscores the competitive nature of the radio landscape and the influence of high-profile events on audience behavior.

    The success of the Top 2000 also highlights the cultural significance of the event and the strong listener loyalty it commands  NPO Radio 2’s record market share during the Top 2000 broadcasts is a testament to the program’s enduring popularity and its ability to connect with a broad audience ,  The event’s success in attracting a large listenership underscores its role as a cultural touchstone and its ability to foster a sense of shared experience among listeners ,  The increase in NPO Radio 2’s listenership came at the expense of other radio stations, highlighting the competitive dynamics of the radio media landscape , 

    The 3FM Serious Request also demonstrated significant listener engagement, doubling its listening share  This highlights the impact of these major radio events on audience behavior and the competitive dynamics within the radio landscape. The collective listening share of public radio stations reached 34.9% in 2023, indicating a strong overall performance for NPO channels  This suggests that while special events like the Top 2000 can significantly boost listenership, public radio stations maintain a substantial audience base throughout the year. NPO Radio 2’s consistent position as the most listened to station for six consecutive years underscores its enduring popularity and strong brand recognition 

    The weekly data from the NMO indicates that the Top 2000’s impact on radio listenership is substantial  The data provides a clear picture of how the event influences market share across various radio stations. The publication of this weekly data highlights the importance of timely information in understanding radio audience trends and market dynamics  The data further demonstrates the evolving nature of radio consumption, highlighting the importance of both traditional broadcasting and digital platforms.

    Radio Streaming and the Digital Media Landscape

    Data on radio streaming reveals the increasing importance of digital platforms in radio consumption  This data provides insights into listener engagement metrics, including total plays and average play duration, across various radio stations  The data highlights the performance of different media companies in the radio streaming sector, showcasing the competition among entities like NPO Radio, Talpa Radio, and DPG Media  This data is crucial for understanding trends in radio consumption, particularly in the context of streaming media. The shift from traditional radio to streaming platforms emphasizes the importance of digital media in modern radio broadcasting. The data illustrates the evolving landscape of radio consumption, with streaming becoming an increasingly important element of audience engagement.

    The data allows for a comparison of the performance of different radio stations and media companies within the streaming market  It reveals the competitive dynamics of the digital radio landscape and illustrates the strategies employed by different companies to attract and retain listeners on streaming platforms. The combination of traditional radio listenership data and streaming data provides a comprehensive picture of audience engagement across different media platforms. This information is valuable for understanding the evolving relationship between radio and its audience in the digital age. The data also provides valuable insights into the effectiveness of different programming strategies in attracting and retaining listeners on streaming platforms.

    The NPO Radio 2 Top 2000: A Cultural Touchstone

    The NPO Radio 2 Top 2000 has evolved from a one-time event to a beloved Dutch tradition  Its continued popularity reflects the nation’s musical tastes and collective memory across generations ,  Significant listener growth, reaching a national market share of 17.7% in 2019 to a whopping market share of 41,1 in 2023, underscores its cultural importance  The program attracts a diverse listener demographic, appealing to various age groups and exhibiting increasing female participation in voting ,  The list’s inclusion of both international and Dutch artists, spanning various genres and decades, reflects the evolving trends in music preferences , 

    The Top 2000’s consistent inclusion of classic rock songs alongside newer hits suggests that it appeals to a wide range of ages and musical tastes  The increasing representation of female voters demonstrates a shift in participation, reflecting broader societal changes  The inclusion of both international and Dutch artists underscores the Top 2000’s role in representing a broad spectrum of musical tastes within the Netherlands ,  The consistent presence of certain artists while incorporating new entries each year highlights the Top 2000’s ability to both celebrate established classics and showcase emerging talent ,  The Top 2000’s adaptability to current events and public sentiment further underscores its cultural relevance 

    The Top 2000 serves as a powerful reflection of Dutch cultural identity, showcasing the nation’s musical heritage and evolving preferences  Its ability to engage listeners across generations highlights the enduring power of radio to connect people through shared musical experiences. The program’s continued success demonstrates the importance of radio as a cultural institution, shaping collective memory and reflecting the nation’s changing musical tastes.

    Gender Representation and Social Media Influence in the Top 2000

    An analysis of the Top 2000 reveals a notable gender disparity in the representation of artists  A significant majority of songs are performed by male artists, highlighting a gender imbalance within the music industry itself  This imbalance reflects broader issues of gender inequality in the music industry, and the Top 2000, while a reflection of listener preferences, inadvertently perpetuates this imbalance. The data provides insights into the gender dynamics of music consumption and the need to address gender representation within the music industry. This lack of gender balance warrants further investigation and potential strategies to promote more equitable representation in future editions.

    Social media trends, such as those on TikTok, have also been observed to influence the popularity of songs within the Top 2000 ,  The rise in popularity of certain songs can be attributed to their presence on these platforms, illustrating the impact of social media on music consumption and radio rankings. This highlights the interconnectedness of social media, music trends, and radio popularity. The influence of social media underscores the evolving dynamics of music discovery and consumption, and the need for further research to understand the interplay between social media trends and radio listenership. The data suggests that social media platforms are becoming increasingly important drivers of music popularity, and their influence on radio rankings should be further investigated.

    The Top 2000’s evolution showcases shifts towards more recent hits, but also highlights the enduring popularity of classic songs  This reflects a complex interplay between generational preferences and the enduring appeal of certain songs that transcend time. The data reveals trends in music popularity over decades, showcasing both the staying power of classic hits and the emergence of newer artists and songs. The analysis of the Top 2000 provides valuable insights into the evolution of music preferences, highlighting the interplay between nostalgia, current trends, and the enduring power of classic songs.

    This literature review has demonstrated the complex and multifaceted relationship between radio and media, drawing upon a range of scholarly works and data. The interplay between technological advancements, cultural practices, audience engagement, and market dynamics underscores the dynamic and evolving nature of the radio and media landscape. Further research is needed to investigate the continuing evolution of listening habits, the impact of new technologies, and the role of radio in shaping cultural identity.

    1. ). 139464_343922.pdf

    2. Tresonie, M. ). Top_2000_2020.pdf

    3. Elmer.Sterken, ). Cesifo working paper no. 4632

    4. ). Nmo_luisteronderzoek_week_50-2024_radio_10_is_marktleider__radiowereld.pdf

    5. ). Top_2000_zorgt_voor_ongekend_luisterrecord_npo_radio_2__totaal_tv.pdf

    6. ). Een_oorverdovend_succes_top_2000_scoort_historisch_marktaandeel_-_ster_reclame.pdf

    7. ). Npo_radio_2_maakte_ongekende_vlucht_dankzij_top_2000.pdf

    8. ). 1._luistercijfers_weekdata_-_nmo_data.pdf

    9. ). 2._streaming_maanddata_-_nmo_data.pdf

    10. ). The npo radio 2 top 2000 has become a beloved dutch tradition since

    11. ). Het_aftellen_is_begonnen_dit_zijn_de_cijfers_achter_de_top_2000.pdf

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  • Top 2000 voting per region in the last 5 years

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    Below you can see maps of the Netherlands where each municipality is coloured based on the song that received the most votes in that municipality.

    What stands out over the past six years is primarily the ‘downfall’ and comeback of Bohemian Rhapsody. While this song was the most popular in almost all municipalities in 2018, by 2020 this was hardly the case anywhere. Since 2022, Bohemian Rhapsody has regained the top spot in most municipalities, but not nearly as many as in 2018.

    In 2019, Bohemian Rhapsody faced significant competition from Normaal, due to a voting campaign held that year for farmers. Additionally, the newly released Roller Coaster by Danny Vera appeared in the south. Ede Staal then claimed a few municipalities in the north.

    In 2020, Queen was dethroned for the first time since 2015. Back then, it was Imagine by John Lennon. This time, it was Roller Coaster by Danny Vera, which had entered the chart at number 4 the previous year, the highest new entry ever. This is clearly visible on the map; in almost every municipality, this song is number 1. Normaal has completely disappeared from the map, and Queen only tops the lists in a few municipalities in the centre of the country.

    In 2021, Bohemian Rhapsody is back at number one in the Top 2000. Queen also makes a significant comeback on the map. However, Danny Vera is still more popular in a majority of municipalities. New artists also appear on the map. In the The Hague area, Golden Earring is number 1 in several municipalities. This is likely due to the illness of one of the band members and the subsequent announcement of the band’s farewell. In a few municipalities in North Holland, Procol Harum’s A Whiter Shade Of Pale tops the list. This song was the favourite of Peter R de Vries, who was killed that year.

    In Volendam and three municipalities in northern Limburg, people vote for regional artists. Lastly, Kate Bush is most popular in Urk, the reason for which remains a mystery.

    The 2022 map shows a lot of local music. In Limburg, we see the now familiar Limburg artists on the map. In Groningen, Ede Staal managed to beat Danny Vera and reappears on the map. The Frisians tried to get We Kam Fram Fryslân to number 1 on the list. While they didn’t quite succeed, the effect of this voting campaign is visible on the map. In half of the Frisian municipalities, this song is number 1. Edam-Volendam swaps the 3J’s for The Cats. Urk votes for Kate Bush for the second year in a row, but now for Running Up That Hill instead of All We Ever Look For. Queen’s Bohemian Rhapsody has won a majority of municipalities for the first time since 2019. Roller Coaster by Danny Vera is mainly found in Drenthe and the south of the country.

    2023 mainly shows a continuation of the trends from previous years. Danny Vera declines further and is only visible on the map in the south (except for Coevorden and Vlieland). Ede Staal gains two extra municipalities in Groningen. Rowwen Hèze takes three additional municipalities in Northern Limburg, where regional artists are doing particularly well this year. In Friesland, ‘Wy Kam Fram Fryslân’ disappears from the map, and in West Friesland, Oôs Joôs appears. In Hilversum and Wijde Meren, we see Conan Gray on the map, due to a voting campaign for the girls from Hilversum who died this year. It was the favourite song of one of the girls.

    Changes last 5 years.

  • Top 2000 no longer dominated by songs from the sixties and seventies


    SOURCE TOP2000 DATABASE
    Music from the 1960s and 1970s is gradually disappearing from the Top 2000, NPO Radio 2’s year-end hit list that starts again on Wednesday. In the first editions, nearly two-thirds of the two thousand songs came from these decades; now it’s only 28 percent.

    This trend, which many fans of sixties and seventies music will lament, can be largely, but not entirely, explained by the passage of time. The first edition of the Top 2000 was organised in 1999 to mark the turn of the millennium. Over 650 songs in this year’s edition had not yet been released at that time. However, among the remaining songs, the sixties and seventies have also lost ground.

    Despite the new additions to the Top 2000, the songs in the list are, on average, getting older. In the first edition, the average release year was 24 years earlier; for the upcoming edition, it’s 32 years. The two oldest songs on this year’s list are “Love Me Tender” and “Blue Suede Shoes” by Elvis Presley, both from 1956. Of the ten songs on the list that were released this year, “Europapa” by Joost Klein ranks the highest (position 139).

    The decline of the sixties and seventies is also clearly visible in the highest regions of the list. In 1999, the entire top ten came from these decades. A year later, Guns N’ Roses’ “November Rain” became the first song from later years to enter the top ten. This year, only five songs in the top ten are from the seventies, while the sixties have disappeared entirely.

    de Lange, P. (2024, December 23). Top 2000 niet meer gedomineerd door nummers uit de jaren zestig en zeventig. de Volkskrant

  • Content Saturation and Viewers’ Decision-Making in the Overcrowded Television and Streaming World

    The proliferation of streaming services and the resulting explosion of television content have created a phenomenon known as content saturation. This abundance of choices presents significant challenges for viewers, impacting their decision-making processes in profound ways. This essay will explore the effects of content saturation on viewer behavior, considering the influence of factors such as decision fatigue, social media recommendations, and the perceived quality of content.

    One key consequence of content saturation is decision fatigue. Viewers are overwhelmed by the sheer number of options available, leading to a diminished capacity to make informed choices . This often results in viewers reverting to familiar shows or established brands, prioritizing ease and comfort over exploration The research conducted by Shiromenie Kaulesarsing et al.  highlights this phenomenon, noting that consumers frequently fall back on comfort shows due to the pressure of choosing from thousands of programs. This decision fatigue is a significant obstacle to discovering new and potentially enriching content.

    However, the decision-making process is not solely driven by individual preferences. Social media and word-of-mouth recommendations exert a considerable influence on viewers’ choices. The findings suggest that social media recommendations often outweigh algorithmic suggestions provided by streaming platforms [1]. This underscores the importance of social influence and the role of peer recommendations in navigating the vast landscape of available content. Consumers actively seek validation and guidance from their social networks, using platforms like TikTok to filter and evaluate options. This reliance on social media is further emphasized in the research by Kaulesarsing et al. which indicates that social media plays a key role in helping viewers navigate the overwhelming amount of content.

    Furthermore, the perceived quality of content plays a crucial role in viewers’ decisions In an environment saturated with content, viewers prioritize high-quality or exclusive productions over sheer volume .This shift in preference reflects a discerning consumer base that values substance over quantity. The research indicates a move away from simply seeking the largest content libraries towards a preference for specific types of content, such as exclusive and high-quality productions .This suggests that streaming platforms need to focus on producing higher-quality content to stand out in a competitive market. Other factors like mood, genre, and familiar actors also significantly impact viewers’ decisions highlighting the complexity of viewer preferences.

    Content saturation significantly impacts viewers’ decision-making processes in the age of overcrowded television and streaming. Decision fatigue, social media influence, and the prioritization of high-quality content are all key factors shaping viewer behavior. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for streaming platforms and content creators to effectively engage audiences and stand out in an increasingly competitive landscape. Future research should further explore the interplay between these factors and the evolving preferences of viewers in this dynamic media environment.

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