Media Research

The European Union (EU) audiovisual sector is characterized by a persistent duality: fragmentation and consolidation. Fragmentation arises from linguistic diversity, national regulations, and territorially segmented rights markets, while consolidation is driven by mergers, joint ventures, and cross-border alliances aiming to achieve economies of scale in the face of global competition. This article provides a structured analysis of the dynamics shaping broadcasting and streaming in the EU, focusing on regulatory frameworks (Audiovisual Media Services Directive, Digital Services Act, Digital Markets Act, European Media Freedom Act), market behaviors (rights acquisition, joint ventures, mergers and acquisitions), and the resilience of national broadcasting traditions

1. How has streaming affected the revenue models of traditional television broadcasters? 2. What are the key factors influencing audience migration from broadcast TV to streaming services? 3. How do younger audiences (16–34) engage with YouTube compared to traditional television? 4. What strategies are traditional TV production companies adopting to compete with digital content creators?… Lees meer: Ten Questions on Broadcast Disruption

The analysis of television viewing trends highlights the profound impact of streaming services on traditional TV consumption. According to Ofcom’s data, the main Public Service Broadcasting (PSB) channels in the UK have experienced a significant decline in their market share, from 100% in 1988 to approximately 51% in 2017. A parallel trend is evident in… Lees meer: Disruption of the TV industry

By 2030, AI video tools achieve photorealism and temporal coherence, enabling synthetic actors and environments indistinguishable from live-action footage. Consumers enthusiastically adopt AI-generated content for genres like horror, sci-fi, and personalized interactive media, drawn by hyper-customized narratives that adapt to individual preferences in real time (Lee & Kim, 2024). Studios leverage these tools to slash production costs by 60–80%, replacing traditional workflows with AI “directors” capable of generating entire scenes from text prompts (Gartner, 2024).

Generative AI (GenAI) has the potential to revolutionize video content creation by drastically reducing production costs and making filmmaking more accessible. However, challenges like realism, audiovisual synchronization, and creative control still hinder AI from matching traditional productions. Scenario planning suggests various futures for AI in video, from niche uses to full industry transformation, though human creativity remains essential. Legal and ethical concerns, such as intellectual property and labor rights, will also shape the future of AI-generated content. While AI won’t replace human artistry, it will likely transform how creativity is expressed

Impact on Broadcasting and Streaming PlatformsThe Evolution of Sports Media Rights: Impact on Broadcasting and Streaming Platforms Introduction The sports media landscape is undergoing a significant transformation. Once dominated by traditional broadcast television, the industry is now heavily influenced by the rise of streaming platforms. These services, recognizing the power of live sports in attracting… Lees meer: The Evolution of Sports Media Rights:

Introduction The landscape of media consumption has transformed drastically over the past decade, shifting from traditional linear broadcasting to digital streaming platforms. Among the key players in this transformation are ZDF Studios and YouTube, two distinct yet influential entities in the digital content ecosystem. ZDF Studios is the commercial arm of Germany’s largest public-service broadcaster,… Lees meer: ZDF in the Age of Digital Streaming:

To measure loss aversion among consumers in marketing, you can use the following approaches: 1. **Behavioral Experiments**: Design experiments where participants choose between options framed as potential losses or gains. For example, test whether consumers are more likely to act when told they could “lose $10” versus “gain $10” for the same decision[2][6]. 2. **A/B… Lees meer: How to Measure Loss Aversion

Loss aversion, a cornerstone of behavioral economics, profoundly impacts consumer decision-making in marketing. It describes the tendency for individuals to feel the pain of a loss more strongly than the pleasure of an equivalent gain (Peng, 2025), (Frank, NaN), (Mrkva, 2019). This psychological principle, far from being a niche concept, permeates various aspects of consumer… Lees meer: Loss Aversion in Marketing: 

Ten research suggestions building upon the existing literature on loss aversion’s impact on marketing and commercial strategies. The preceding analysis highlighted the significant influence of loss aversion on consumer behavior, shaping decisions across various marketing aspects, from advertising and pricing to product design and customer loyalty. These suggestions aim to address gaps in current understanding and offer avenues for future investigation, focusing on both theoretical advancements and practical applications. The existing literature provides a strong foundation, but several areas require further exploration to fully understand the nuances and implications of loss aversion in marketing

Loss aversion, the psychological principle that the pain of a loss is felt more strongly than the pleasure of an equivalent gain (Guttman, 2021), (Schulreich, 2020), profoundly impacts consumer decision-making. This disproportionate weighting of losses over gains significantly shapes how consumers perceive value, make choices, and respond to marketing messages

Channel 4’s approach to YouTube demonstrates that traditional broadcasters can successfully adapt to the changing media landscape. By embracing data-driven decision-making, tailoring content to platform-specific audiences, and maintaining a flexible strategy, broadcasters can turn potential threats into opportunities for growth and audience engagement.As the lines between traditional and digital media continue to blur, the experiences of early adopters like Channel 4 will be invaluable in shaping the future of broadcasting. The key lies in viewing platforms like YouTube not as competitors, but as complementary channels that can enhance a broadcaster’s overall reach and relevance in an increasingly fragmented media ecosystem.

Introduction: The Rise of the Detective Genre This paper examines the evolution of detective fiction in England, Europe, and America from 1900 to 2000, comparing and contrasting the key characteristics, thematic concerns, and stylistic innovations within each region. The study will analyze the influence of social, political, and cultural contexts on the genre’s development, highlighting… Lees meer: The Development of Detective Literature: A Comparative Analysis of English, European, and American Traditions (1900-2000)

Introduction The rise of music streaming services has fundamentally altered how individuals consume and discover music. This transformation is largely driven by the ubiquitous nature of curated playlists, both algorithmically generated and human-curated. This analysis explores the multifaceted impact of music playlists on listener retention and the discovery of new music within streaming services, drawing… Lees meer: The Effect of Music Playlists on Streaming Services: Listener Retention and New Music Discovery

Research Suggestions at the end of the literature review Introduction Obesity and overweight are significant global health concerns (Wongtongtair, 2021), (Baranowski, 2015), (Selvaraj, 2024), with far-reaching consequences for individuals and healthcare systems. The pervasiveness of media in modern life presents both challenges and opportunities in addressing this epidemic. This review examines various media interventions designed… Lees meer: What Media Interventions Can Help Reduce Obesity and Overweight?

Introduction The integration of olfactory cues, or scents, into virtual reality (VR), streaming, and broadcasting environments represents a burgeoning field of research aimed at enhancing user immersion and engagement. While visual and auditory stimuli have long been the dominant forces in these media, the potential of olfaction to create more realistic and emotionally resonant experiences… Lees meer: The Use of Scent to Enhance Immersion in Virtual Reality, Streaming, and Broadcasting

Research Ideas at the end of the literature review SVOD, VOD, FAST, and Other Video Distribution Systems: A Comprehensive Analysis of Changes in Video and Broadcast Distribution and Production Introduction The landscape of video and broadcast distribution has undergone a dramatic transformation in recent years, driven by technological advancements and evolving consumer preferences. This shift… Lees meer: A Comprehensive Analysis of Changes in Video and Broadcast Distribution and Production

1. Artists 2. Genres 3. Songs 4. Country Representation Summary Table Aspect Netherlands Germany Belgium Top Song Bohemian Rhapsody (Queen) Bohemian Rhapsody (Queen) Bohemian Rhapsody (Queen) Top Artist(s) Queen, Eagles, Boudewijn de Groot Queen, Disturbed, Pink Floyd Queen, Will Tura, Gorky Genres Rock, Pop, Heavy Metal Rock, Pop, Progressive Rock Rock, Pop, Schlager Local Artists… Lees meer: Quick Comparison Belgian, German and Dutch Top 2000 ( top 20)

A Literature Review on Radio and Media: Exploring Cultural Practices, Listenership, and the Evolution of Sound Technologies This literature review examines the multifaceted relationship between radio and media, drawing upon a range of scholarly works to explore the impact of sound technologies on cultural practices, audience engagement, and the evolving landscape of radio broadcasting. The… Lees meer: Top 2000 over the years

Below you can see maps of the Netherlands where each municipality is coloured based on the song that received the most votes in that municipality. What stands out over the past six years is primarily the ‘downfall’ and comeback of Bohemian Rhapsody. While this song was the most popular in almost all municipalities in 2018,… Lees meer: Top 2000 voting per region in the last 5 years

SOURCE TOP2000 DATABASEMusic from the 1960s and 1970s is gradually disappearing from the Top 2000, NPO Radio 2’s year-end hit list that starts again on Wednesday. In the first editions, nearly two-thirds of the two thousand songs came from these decades; now it’s only 28 percent. This trend, which many fans of sixties and seventies… Lees meer: Top 2000 no longer dominated by songs from the sixties and seventies

The proliferation of streaming services and the resulting explosion of television content have created a phenomenon known as content saturation. This abundance of choices presents significant challenges for viewers, impacting their decision-making processes in profound ways. This essay will explore the effects of content saturation on viewer behavior, considering the influence of factors such as… Lees meer: Content Saturation and Viewers’ Decision-Making in the Overcrowded Television and Streaming World

In the dynamic and ever-evolving world of media, where information flows constantly and attention spans dwindle, a well-defined research problem is paramount for impactful scholarship and creative work. It serves as the bedrock of any successful media project, providing clarity, direction, and ultimately, ensuring the relevance and value of the work. Just as a film director meticulously… Lees meer: Defining the Research Problem: The Foundation of Impactful Media Projects

Abstract This literature review examines the effectiveness of integrating podcasts and explainer videos as supplementary resources to textbooks within flipped classrooms. The study analyzes research on multimedia tools that mirror textbook structure, aiming to optimize learning outcomes. It explores successful implementations across diverse subjects, highlighting improved student performance and engagement. The review identifies best practices… Lees meer: The Effectiveness of Podcasts and Explainer Videos Supporting Textbooks in Flipped Classrooms

Introduction This research proposal outlines a quantitative study designed to identify and evaluate effective engagement methods for university student-led radioshows. Student-led radioshows offer invaluable hands-on learning experiences, fostering crucial skills in broadcasting, journalism, production, and management [citation needed]. However, the success of these shows hinges on high levels of student participation, which necessitates the implementation… Lees meer: Effective Engagement Methods on University Student-Led Radioshows: A Quantitative Research Proposal

Introduction: The Evolving Landscape of Contemporary Music Radio and the Crucial Role of Audience Engagement This literature review investigates successful strategies for creating and maintaining engaging contemporary music radio shows across diverse genres—pop, hip-hop, rock, and singer-songwriter—with a focus on long-term audience retention. The proliferation of digital media and the fragmentation of the listening audience… Lees meer: Successful Strategies for Creating Engaging Contemporary Music Radio Shows

Data-Driven Decision Making Streaming services provide unprecedented access to listener data, allowing the music industry to make more informed decisions about song production and promotion This aligns with research by Aguiar and Waldfogel (2018), who found that streaming services have significantly impacted how music is produced and consumed. Changes in Song Structure The document highlights… Lees meer: Changes in Music Distribution

Ideas for Research Topics at the bottom. DOUG SHAPIRO, DEC 1 How Big it Is and Why it Will Keep Growing at the Expense of Corporate Media Imagine that from the time you were young, you worked hard to join a very exclusive, powerful club. Eventually, you made it, cementing your steadfast, lifelong belief that… Lees meer: The Relentless, Inevitable March of the Creator Economy

Marion Ranchet It’s almost insolent how thriving the sports media industry is with a 2.4% YoY growth of sports media rights value at 56B$ according to SportBusiness Global Media Report 2023. 2024 saw the NBA topping the 76B$ deal value (+165%) for their 2025-2036 rights cycle.  Every platform fighting for our daily attention wants a piece of the sports business. Not every… Lees meer: Live Sports: A Waning Appeal?

Topics for research at the end of the post Listening to music also means providing data to streaming services. Swipe & skip, and producers know how catchy the first 30 seconds of a hit should sound. Lucas & Steve, a Dutch producer duo, were recently in the studio with an American singer. The trio discussed… Lees meer: How Streaming Services Are Changing Music

It’s the era of the binge generation.Translated from Mark Noorman (Volkskrant) Research topics at the end of the post Article If anything characterizes the culture of recent years, it’s that there is an immense amount to do, see, read, and listen to. This leads to a new kind of guilt. Time for a different strategy.… Lees meer: Age of Binging

Article Translated from Els de Grefte, November 25th VolkskrantFor the research topics scroll to the end of the post Music lovers turn their backs on Spotify and dig up their old iPods: ‘By limiting yourself, what you choose becomes more meaningful ‘Music listening in MP3 format is making a comeback. The threat of smartphone addiction… Lees meer: Music , Streaming and Physical use

Research topics at the end of the post The Trade Desk’s Surprising Move into the TV OS World: What Media Students Need to Know In a surprising turn of events, digital advertising giant The Trade Desk (TTD) is rumored to be entering the TV operating system (OS) ecosystem[1]. This move has significant implications for the… Lees meer: TV and Marketing Developments

Radio Podcasts Television Streaming Platforms Social Media Printed Media News Digital Marketing Citations:[1] https://jmseleyon.com/index.php/jms/article/download/687/661[2] https://www.ofcom.org.uk/media-use-and-attitudes/media-habits-adults/top-trends-from-latest-media-nations-research/[3] https://audacyinc.com/insights/new-research-confirms-audio-outperforms-tv-and-digital/[4] https://www.attnseek.com/p/researching-broadcast-media-beyond[5] https://www.pewresearch.org/topic/news-habits-media/news-media-trends/news-platforms-sources/audio-radio-podcasts/[6] https://www.pewresearch.org/journalism/fact-sheet/news-platform-fact-sheet/[7] https://www.dreamcast.in/blog/difference-between-broadcasting-and-social-media/[8] https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17816858231204738

Research proposals play a crucial role in the social sciences, serving as a roadmap for researchers and a tool for gaining approval or funding. Matthews and Ross (2010) emphasize the importance of research proposals in their textbook “Research Methods: A Practical Guide for the Social Sciences,” highlighting their role in outlining the scope, methodology, and… Lees meer: Research Proposals (Chapter B6)

Media has become an indispensable part of our daily lives, and immersiveness is a key factor that determines the success and popularity of any medium. Immersiveness refers to the extent to which a medium captures and holds the attention of its audience, and makes them feel involved in the story or the experience. According to… Lees meer: Immersiveness: Creating Memorable Media Experiences

Audience transportation is a concept in film that describes the extent to which viewers are transported into the narrative world of a movie, creating a sense of immersion and emotional involvement. Studies have shown that audience transportation is achieved through a combination of factors, including setting, character development, sound, music, and plot structure. Setting plays… Lees meer: Audience Transportation in Film

Emotional involvement in film is a complex psychological phenomenon that occurs when a viewer becomes deeply engaged with the characters and events depicted on the screen. This involvement can be driven by a variety of factors, including empathy with the characters, identification with their struggles, and the emotional impact of the film’s themes and messages.… Lees meer: Emotional Involvement in Film

Empathy is a crucial component of human communication and interaction, and it plays a vital role in our ability to understand and connect with others. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of empathy in media, particularly in the ways that media can foster empathy and increase our understanding of others.… Lees meer: Empathy in Media

Empathy is the ability to understand and share the feelings of others. In the context of film, empathy plays a crucial role in engaging the audience with the characters and the story. Ambiguous protagonists are characters that are difficult to classify as wholly good or bad, and their actions are open to interpretation. The portrayal… Lees meer: The Power of Ambiguity: Exploring Empathy in Films with Ambiguous Protagonists”

Immersiveness is a key aspect of film that refers to the degree to which viewers feel engaged and absorbed in the cinematic experience (Tamborini, Bowman, Eden, & Grizzard, 2010). Measuring immersiveness in film can be challenging, as it is a subjective experience that can vary across individuals and films (Calleja, 2014). In this discussion, I… Lees meer: Immersiveness Measuring with Scales

The Extended Transportation Imagery Model (ETIM) is a theoretical framework that was developed to explain how media messages influence individuals’ attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors through the use of vivid imagery and narrative transportation. The model is particularly relevant for media students who are interested in studying the impact of media messages on audiences. In this… Lees meer: Extended Transportation Imagery Model (ETIM)

Suspension of disbelief is a term used to describe the willingness of an audience to accept the unrealistic or fantastical elements of a story in order to fully engage with and enjoy a work of fiction. This concept is particularly relevant to media students, who must be able to understand how an audience interacts with… Lees meer: Suspension of Disbelief

Escapism, defined as the tendency of individuals to seek out entertainment and distraction from the stresses and challenges of everyday life, can be found in various forms of media content, such as books, films, TV shows, and video games (Kahn, Shen, & Lu, 2013). For example, J.K. Rowling’s Harry Potter series provides readers with a… Lees meer: Escapisme

Mood Management Theory, developed by Zillmann in the 1980s, proposes that people engage in media consumption to regulate their emotions and mood. According to the theory, media consumption is an active and purposeful activity, where people seek to manage their emotions and mood, either by maintaining or enhancing their current mood or altering it (Zillmann,… Lees meer: Mood Management Theory

Structural affect theory is an approach to understanding how media texts generate affective responses, such as suspense, curiosity, and surprise, in their audiences (Carroll, 1996; Plantinga, 2009; Smith, 2014). This theory emphasizes the role of the narrative structure of a media text, as well as the way that it is presented, in shaping emotional responses… Lees meer: Structural Affect Theory

n the field of media studies, theories, models, concepts, and variables are all important concepts that help researchers understand and analyze various phenomena related to media. Theories refer to systematic frameworks that provide explanations for various phenomena in the media industry. These can be broad or specific and help researchers to understand the nature and function… Lees meer: Theories Models Concepts

Chatman’s narrative theory provides a valuable framework for media students to examine and comprehend how narratives operate across different forms of media. The theory highlights three crucial components that contribute to a coherent narrative: story, plot, and narration. Chatman asserts that these elements work together to create a meaningful and complex narrative (Chatman, 1978). One… Lees meer: Chatman’s Narrative Theory

Suspense is a powerful emotional reaction that media students should be familiar with. It is a feeling of uncertainty, anticipation, and tension that builds up as the audience waits for the outcome of an event. According to Gerrig and Zimbardo (2018), “suspense is a cognitive and emotional experience that arises from the audience’s awareness of… Lees meer: Suspense

Curiosity is a complex and powerful emotional reaction that filmmakers often aim to elicit in their audiences. Various techniques and effects can create curiosity in film, engaging viewers in the story and keeping them invested in it. This essay discusses some of the effects that can create curiosity in film. One of the most effective… Lees meer: Curiosity

he character identification theory is a psychological theory that proposes that individuals tend to identify with fictional characters in media, such as movies, books, and video games. This theory suggests that people are more likely to identify with characters who share their values, beliefs, and experiences, and that this identification can have a significant impact… Lees meer: Character Identification Theory

Framing is a complex process that involves selectively emphasizing certain aspects of a story or issue while downplaying or omitting others to shape the audience’s perception and interpretation of the event. The concept of framing has been widely discussed in media studies and communication research, as it plays a critical role in shaping public opinion… Lees meer: Framing

Hypodermic Needle Theory suggests that media messages are directly injected into the audience and have an immediate and powerful effect. Some early research supported this theory, such as the famous “War of the Worlds” broadcast in 1938 that caused widespread panic among listeners. However, subsequent research has discredited the theory, showing that media effects are… Lees meer: Ten Media Theories and their Criticism

The Brand Luxury Index (BLI) is a tool designed to measure consumers’ perceptions of luxury brands[1]. Developed by researchers Jean-Noël Kapferer and Vincent Bastien, the BLI assesses various aspects of a brand’s luxury status through seven sub-categories[1]. Components of the BLI The BLI consists of seven key dimensions: Each dimension is scored on a scale… Lees meer: Brand Luxury Scale

Brand parity is a phenomenon where consumers perceive multiple brands in a product category as similar or interchangeable[1]. This concept has significant implications for marketing strategies and consumer behavior. To measure brand parity, researchers have developed scales to quantify consumers’ perceptions of brand similarity. The Brand Parity Scale James A. Muncy developed a multi-item scale… Lees meer: Brand Parity Scale

Jennifer Aaker’s Brand Personality Scale (BPS) is a widely used tool in marketing research to measure and quantify the personality traits associated with brands. Developed in 1997, the BPS identifies five key dimensions of brand personality: Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, Sophistication, and Ruggedness[1][2]. The Five Dimensions Sincerity This dimension reflects traits such as honesty, wholesomeness, and… Lees meer: Brand Personality Scale

The Brand Experience Scale, developed by Brakus, Schmitt, and Zarantonello in 2009, is a significant contribution to the field of marketing and brand management. This scale provides a comprehensive framework for measuring and understanding how consumers experience brands across multiple dimensions. Conceptualization of Brand Experience Brand experience is defined as the sensations, feelings, cognitions, and… Lees meer: Brand Experience Scale

The Emotional Attachment Scale (EAS) is a tool used in media and marketing research to measure emotional attachment and brand loyalty. The scale was developed by Thomson, MacInnis, and Park (2005) and has been widely used in various fields, including advertising, consumer behavior, and psychology. The EAS consists of three sub-scales: affection, connection, and passion.… Lees meer: The Emotional Attachment Scale

Quality assessment scales that could potentially be adapted for magazine evaluation: CGC Grading Scale The Certified Guaranty Company (CGC) uses a 10-point grading scale to evaluate collectibles, including magazines[1]. This scale includes: The Restoration Grading Scale assesses both quality and quantity of restoration work[1]. Literature Quality Assessment Tools While not specific to magazines, these tools… Lees meer: Scales that can be adapted to measure the quality of a Magazine

The Engagement Scale for a Free-Time Magazine is based on the concept of audience engagement, which is defined as the level of involvement and interaction between the audience and a media product (Kim, Lee, & Hwang, 2017). Audience engagement is important because it can lead to increased loyalty, satisfaction, and revenue for media organizations (Bakker,… Lees meer: Engagement Scale

The Digital Presence Scale is a measurement tool that assesses the digital presence of a brand or organization. It evaluates a brand’s performance in terms of digital marketing, social media, website design, and other digital channels. Here is the complete Digital Presence Scale for a magazine, including the questionnaire, sub-categories, scoring, and references: Questionnaire: Sub-categories:… Lees meer: Digital Presence Scale

Introduction: Brand attitude refers to the overall evaluation of a brand based on the individual’s beliefs, feelings, and behavioral intentions towards the brand. It is an essential aspect of consumer behavior and marketing, as it influences the purchase decisions of consumers. In this essay, we will explore the concept of brand attitude, its sub-concepts, and… Lees meer: Brand Attitude Scale

Mindfulness has become an increasingly popular concept in recent years, as people strive to find ways to reduce stress, increase focus, and improve their overall wellbeing. One of the most widely used tools for measuring mindfulness is the Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS), developed by J. Brown and R. Ryan in 2003. In this blog… Lees meer: Mindful Attention Awareness Scale (MAAS)

There’s something you should know: Your college instructors have a hidden agenda. You may be alarmed to hear this-yet your achievement of their “other” purpose may very well be the most important part of your education. For every writing assignment has, at the least, these two other purposes: Consequently, all expository writing, in which you… Lees meer: Developing a thesis and supporting arguments

As a student, you may be required to conduct research for a project, paper, or presentation. Research is a vital skill that can help you understand a topic more deeply, develop critical thinking skills, and support your arguments with evidence. Here are some basics of research that every student should know. What is research? Research… Lees meer: First Step